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        "text": "i-am-space\nIntroduction The major components that you’ll need to implement are:\n\nClients: Clients represent the systems or users requesting access to files within the network file system. They serve as the primary interface to interact with the NFS, initiating various file-related operations such as reading, writing, deleting, streaming, and more. Naming Server: The Naming Server stands as a pivotal component in the NFS architecture. This singular instance serves as a central hub, orchestrating communication between clients and the storage servers. Its primary function is to provide clients with crucial information about the specific storage server where a requested file or folder resides. Essentially, it acts as a directory service, ensuring efficient and accurate file access. Storage Servers: Storage Servers form the foundation of the NFS. These servers are responsible for the physical storage and retrieval of files and folders. They manage data persistence and distribution across the network, ensuring that files are stored securely and efficiently. Within the NFS ecosystem, clients enjoy a suite of essential file operations, enabling seamless interaction with the network file system:\n\nWriting a File/Folder: Clients can actively create and update the content of files and folders within the NFS. This operation encompasses the storage and modification of data, ensuring that the NFS remains a dynamic repository. This includes writing synchronously and asynchronously. Asynchronous write is very useful for optimizing client response time when files are large. Reading a File: Reading operations empower clients to retrieve the contents of files stored within the NFS. This fundamental operation grants clients access to the information they seek. Deleting a File/Folder: Clients retain the ability to remove files and folders from the network file system when they are no longer needed, contributing to efficient space management. Creating a File/Folder: The NFS allows clients to generate new files and folders, facilitating the expansion and organization of the file system. This operation involves the allocation of storage space and the initialization of metadata for the newly created entities. Listing All Files and Folders in a Folder: Navigating the NFS structure becomes effortless for clients as they can retrieve comprehensive listings of files and subfolders within a specified directory. This feature aids in efficient file system exploration and management. Getting Additional Information: Clients can access a wealth of supplementary information about specific files. This includes details such as file size, access rights, timestamps, and other metadata, providing clients with comprehensive insights into the files they interact with. Streaming Audio Files: Clients have the ability to stream audio files directly over the NFS. The specifications you are required to implement are listed below. Suitable examples of how they are expected to work are provided. However, note that this is just to give you an idea. You have freedom to implement the requirements in the way you want.\n\nSpecifications\n\nNaming and Storage Servers 1.1 Initialization [60 Marks] The process of initializing the Naming Server (NM) and Storage Servers (SS) sets the foundation for the entire network file system. Here are the key steps involved in starting the system:\nInitialize the Naming Server (NM): The first step is to initialize the Naming Server, which serves as the central coordination point in the NFS. It is responsible for managing the directory structure and maintaining essential information about file locations. The IP address and port of the Naming Server can be assumed to be known publicly so that it can be provided to Clients and Storage servers while registering. Note that since the IP address is dynamic, you have to inform each storage server and client about it when they attempt to register. Do not hardcode IP address to 127.0.0.1 and port since we will test on multiple laptops. (2 for SS, 1 for NM, 1 for client. You have to open multiple SS on each laptop)\n\nInitialize Storage Server 1 (SS_1): Each Storage Server (SS) is responsible for storing files and interacting with both the Naming Server and clients. Initialization of SS_1 involves several sub-steps: Upon initialization, SS_1 sends vital details about its existence to the Naming Server. This information includes: IP address: To facilitate communication and location tracking. Port for NM Connection: A dedicated port for direct communication with the Naming Server. Port for Client Connection: A separate port for clients to interact with SS_1. List of Accessible Paths: A comprehensive list of file and folder paths that are accessible on SS_1. The Storage server, while registering should be able to decide which path has to be made accessible to the NFS. You are free to give this as a command-line input or any other way. Initialize SS_2 to SS_n: Following the same procedure as SS_1, additional Storage Servers (SS_2 to SS_n) are initialized, each providing their details to the Naming Server. NM Starts Accepting Client Requests: Once all Storage Servers are initialized and registered with the Naming Server, the Naming Server begins accepting client requests. It becomes the central point through which clients access and manage files and directories within the network file system. 1.2 On storage servers (SS) [120 Marks] The Storage Servers play a crucial role in the network file system and are equipped with the following functionalities:\n\nAdding new storage servers: New Storage Servers (i.e., which begin running after the initial initialization phase) have the capability to dynamically add their entries to the Naming Server at any point during execution. This flexibility ensures that the system can adapt to changes and scaling requirements seamlessly. Commands Issued by NM: The Naming Server can issue specific commands to the Storage Servers, including: Create an Empty File/Directory: The Naming Server can instruct a Storage Server to create an empty file or directory, initiating the storage of new data. Delete a File/Directory: Storage Servers can receive commands to delete files or directories, thereby freeing up storage space and maintaining data consistency. Copy Files/Directories: Storage Servers can copy files or directories from other Storage Servers, with the NM providing the relevant IP addresses for efficient data transfer. Client Interactions: Storage Servers also facilitate client interactions by providing the following functionalities. These interactions are orchestrated by the NS where it provides the IP Address and Port of the relevant storage server to the client: Read a File: Clients can request Storage Servers to retrieve and send the content of a specific file, allowing seamless data access. Write to a File: Clients can send data to Storage Servers, which is then written to the designated file. This operation ensures data updates and modifications are correctly stored. Get Size and Permissions: Clients can query Storage Servers to retrieve essential file information such as size and access permissions, aiding in file management. Stream Audio Files: Clients can request the Storage Servers to get audio files data in binary format which can directly be fed into a music player to stream audio files. We won’t judge you for your music taste during evals ;). But bonus if you provide Coldplay tickets at a reasonable price. 1.3 On naming server (NM) [30 Marks] Storing Storage Server data: One of the fundamental functions of the Naming Server (NM) is to serve as the central repository for critical information provided by Storage Servers (SS) upon connection. Client task feedback: Upon completion of tasks initiated by clients (as described in Specification 2), the NM plays a pivotal role in providing timely and relevant feedback to the requesting clients. This is really important in real-systems where client response latency is pivotal. 2. Clients [80 Marks] Clients initiate communication with the Naming Server (NM) to interact with the NFS. Here’s how this interaction unfolds:\n\nPath finding: Say, the client passes READ dir1/dir2/file.txt to the NM -> the NM looks over all the global paths in SS1, SS2, SS3… then sees that the path is present in SSx -> The NM gives relevant information about SSx to the client. Functionalities to implement are:\n\nNOTE : Provided syntax just for reference. You aren’t expected to follow it explicitly.\n\nReading, Writing, Retrieving Information about Files and Streaming Audio: Client Request: Clients can initiate file-related operations such as reading, writing, obtaining information or streaming audio files by providing the file’s path. The NM, upon receiving the request, takes on the responsibility of locating the correct SS where the file is stored. NM Facilitation: The NM identifies the correct Storage Server and returns the precise IP address and client port for that SS to the client. Direct Communication: Subsequently, the client directly communicates with the designated SS. This direct communication is established, and the client continuously receives information packets from the SS until a predefined “STOP” packet is sent or a specified condition for task completion is met. The “STOP” packet serves as a signal to conclude the operation. Creating and Deleting Files and Folders: Client Request: Clients can request file and folder creation or deletion operations by providing the respective path and action (create or delete). Once the NM determines the correct SS, it forwards the request to the appropriate SS for execution. SS Execution: The SS processes the request and performs the specified action, such as creating an empty file or deleting a file/folder. Acknowledgment and Feedback: After successful execution, the SS sends an acknowledgment (ACK) or a STOP packet to the NM to confirm task completion. The NM, in turn, conveys this information back to the client, providing feedback on the task’s status. Copying Files/Directories Between Storage Servers: Client Request: Clients can request to copy files or directories between SS by providing both the source and destination paths.The NM, upon receiving this request, assumes responsibility for managing the file/folder transfer between the relevant SS. NM Execution: The NM orchestrates the copying process, ensuring that data is transferred accurately. This operation may involve copying data from one SS to another, even if both source and destination paths lie within the same SS. Acknowledgment and Client Notification: Upon the successful completion of the copy operation, the NM sends an acknowledgment (ACK) packet to the client. This ACK serves as confirmation that the requested data transfer has been successfully executed. Listing all accessible paths: Client Request: Client requests the NS to inform about all accessible paths available. This helps the client to get an idea of what files it can access. NM Execution : The NS provides all the accessible paths across all registered storage servers to the client. Here are a few examples to give an idea.\n\nExample 1\n\nClient : READ <path> NS looks for the given path in list of accessible paths. If found return IP and Port. NS (to client) : IP: 10.2.141.242 Port: 5050 Client sends request to SS SS (to client) : OSN TA's are the best especially _________\n\nExample 2\n\nClient : STREAM <path> NS looks for the given path in list of accessible paths. If found and valid format, return IP and Port. NS (to client) : IP: 10.2.141.242 Port: 5050 Client sends request to SS. SS sends music packets to client. Client uses music player to stream audio files from the input packet.\n\nNOTE : Command line music players are available, they don’t require extra work even for MAC. For example: mpv is generally pre-installed on most distros.\n\nExample 3\n\nClient : CREATE <path> <name> NS looks whether the given path is available for creation. NS (to SS) : Sends the path and name to be created SS sends acknowledgement to NM. NM sends acknowledgment to Client. Note : NM will also dynamically add the new path in this case into the list of accessible paths. Handle this operation in backup SSs also(Refer Spec 3.5) (Hint: In copy, deletion also you have to dynamically update the accessible paths and backups)\n\nExample 4\n\nClient : COPY <source> <dest> NS looks whether the given source and destination paths is available .(Handle all the different types of source and destination paths possible) Handle how you want to do copy operation between different SSs or among same SS Destination SS sends acknowledgement to NM. NM sends acknowledgment to Client.\n\nNOTE: Marks awarded here are essentially for the requests to the NM. Actual implementation of the requests by the NM and SSs have been assigned points in Specification 1.\n\nOther features 3.1 Asynchronous and Synchronous writing [50 Marks] Allowing Asynchronous writing: Your NFS should support asynchronous writing. Simply put, if the client gives large input data to write, waiting for the entire write process to be completed can consume a lot of time. The client will keep waiting for an acknowledgment till the entire data has been written. Most of the times the write operation isn’t critical. Asynchronous write allows the storage servers to write large file requests in their local memory and periodically flush it to persistent memory (ie, actual files) in fixed size chunks. Acknowledging the client: If the SS decides to write data asynchronously (possibly judging by the data size), it sends an immediate acknowledgement to the client that their request has been accepted. After successful write operation, the SS again informs the client about the same through the NS since the connection between the SS and client will be closed after the first acknowledgment. Handling partial writes: If the SS goes down while it was in the process of an asynchronous write, the NS informs the client about this failure. Priority writes: If the client wants to write data synchronously irrespective of the response time overhead, it can prioritize the task while initiating a write request to the NS, say through a --SYNC flag or any other reasonable method. 3.2 Multiple Clients [70 Marks] Concurrent Client Access: Your NFS design accommodates multiple clients attempting to access the Naming Server (NM) simultaneously. To ensure a smooth experience, the NM responds to client requests with an initial ACK to acknowledge the receipt of the request. If this initial ACK is not received within a reasonable time-frame, the client may display a timeout message. Importantly, the NM should not block while processing operations specified in parts 2 and 3 of Specification 2. To achieve this, an initial ACK and a final ACK from the relevant Storage Server (SS) can be employed, allowing the NM to handle other requests between these acknowledgments. Concurrent File Reading: While multiple clients can read the same file simultaneously, only one client can execute write operations on a file at any given time. For asynchronous writes, you can assume that the file is under write till the entire operation is completed. If a client is writing onto the file other clients do not have the access of reading it. 3.3 Error Codes [20 Marks] Error Handling: Define a set of error codes that can be returned when a client’s request cannot be accommodated. For example, the NM should return distinct error codes for situations where a file is unavailable because it doesn’t exist and when another client is currently writing to the file. Clear and descriptive error codes enhance the communication of issues between the NFS and clients. 3.4 Search in Naming Servers [80 Marks] Efficient Search: Optimize the search process employed by the Naming Server when serving client requests. Avoid linear searches and explore more efficient data structures such as Tries and Hashmaps to swiftly identify the correct Storage Server (SS) for a given request. This optimization enhances response times, especially in systems with a large number of files and folders. LRU Caching: Implement LRU (Least Recently Used) caching for recent searches. By caching recently accessed information, the NM can expedite subsequent requests for the same data, further improving response times and system efficiency. 3.5 Backing up Data [70 Marks] Failure Detection: The NM should be equipped to detect Storage Server (SS) failures. This capability ensures that the NFS can respond promptly to any disruptions in SS availability. Replication: Implement a replication strategy for data stored within the NFS. This strategy involves duplicating every file and folder in an SS in two other SS (once the number of SS exceeds two). In the event of an SS failure, the NM should be able to retrieve the requested data from one of the replicated stores. However, at this stage, only read operations should be allowed. Asynchronous Duplication: Every write command should be duplicated asynchronously across all replicated stores. The NM does not wait for acknowledgment but ensures that data is redundantly stored for fault tolerance. 3.6 Redundancy [BONUS][50 Marks] SS Recovery: When an SS comes back online (reconnects to the NM), the duplicated stores should be matched back to the original SS. Additionally, no new entries should be added to the list of accessible files and folders in the NM during this process. 3.7 Bookkeeping [20 Marks] Logging and Message Display: Implement a logging mechanism where the NM records every request or acknowledgment received from clients or Storage Servers. Additionally, the NM should display or print relevant messages indicating the status and outcome of each operation. This bookkeeping ensures traceability and aids in debugging and system monitoring. IP Address and Port Recording: The log should include relevant information such as IP addresses and ports used in each communication, enhancing the ability to trace and diagnose issues. Some pointers: Use TCP sockets You may use any POSIX C library (opengroup link) As always, decompose the problem and write modular code Start _early _- we really can’t stress this enough Cite your resources if you take any ideas or code Lastly, make necessary assumptions Reference code of NFS implementation -> GitHub Logo Additional How do I start? Define the calls. For example, define the format of the functionality of the read call for the client as READ path and then divide the work amongst yourselves with each team member implementing either the client, the naming server or the storage server code. Identify things that can be decoupled. For example, the specification where an SS can join the NM at any given moment of execution doesn’t depend on neither the client or the SS (Assuming you have figured out how SSs attach themselves at the beginning of the execution). One team member can implement this while the other thinks of ways to implement caching (You probably won’t get merge conflicts as you’ll be changing different parts of the naming server code) Remember figuring things out is just as important as coding the implementation in this assignment. Not everyone needs to be programming at once. One could design the redundancy attribute and start coding it up later. Make your life easier Use wireshark for debugging TCP communications by inspecting your packets when required. You can use netcat to create client/server stubs so that you can start testing your components even if some of it hasn’t been coded up. Communicate with your teammates if you cannot fulfill your deliverables on time. That is the entire point of team-work :) . Here are a few resources you could read before starting:\nA few slides on the topic: https://cs.gmu.edu/~setia/cs571-F02/slides/lec9.pdf The Apache Hadoop DFS: https://www.databricks.com/glossary/hadoop-distributed-file-system-hdfs CMU slides on Distrbuted File Systems: https://web2.qatar.cmu.edu/~msakr/15440-f11/lectures/Lecture19_15440_MHH_14Nov_2011.ppt Rutgers university’s resources: https://people.cs.rutgers.edu/~pxk/rutgers/lectures/l-dfs.html Resources you could use for the implementation:\n\nHandling multiple clients: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/handling-multiple-clients-on-server-with-multithreading-using-socket-programming-in-c-cpp/ Handling multiple clients without multithreading - https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/socket-programming-in-cc-handling-multiple-clients-on-server-without-multi-threading/ (This section will be updated on specific requests in the doubts document) Working with mpv music player - https://mpv.io/manual/master/ (Hint: You can use system commands in C to redirect content to music player)\n\nimplement the storage server. specifically, handle the initialization of storage servers 1 through n, then implement the \"on storage servers [120 marks]\" specification given. just focus on storage server implementation for now.",
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            "text": "i-am-space\nIntroduction The major components that you’ll need to implement are:\n\nClients: Clients represent the systems or users requesting access to files within the network file system. They serve as the primary interface to interact with the NFS, initiating various file-related operations such as reading, writing, deleting, streaming, and more. Naming Server: The Naming Server stands as a pivotal component in the NFS architecture. This singular instance serves as a central hub, orchestrating communication between clients and the storage servers. Its primary function is to provide clients with crucial information about the specific storage server where a requested file or folder resides. Essentially, it acts as a directory service, ensuring efficient and accurate file access. Storage Servers: Storage Servers form the foundation of the NFS. These servers are responsible for the physical storage and retrieval of files and folders. They manage data persistence and distribution across the network, ensuring that files are stored securely and efficiently. Within the NFS ecosystem, clients enjoy a suite of essential file operations, enabling seamless interaction with the network file system:\n\nWriting a File/Folder: Clients can actively create and update the content of files and folders within the NFS. This operation encompasses the storage and modification of data, ensuring that the NFS remains a dynamic repository. This includes writing synchronously and asynchronously. Asynchronous write is very useful for optimizing client response time when files are large. Reading a File: Reading operations empower clients to retrieve the contents of files stored within the NFS. This fundamental operation grants clients access to the information they seek. Deleting a File/Folder: Clients retain the ability to remove files and folders from the network file system when they are no longer needed, contributing to efficient space management. Creating a File/Folder: The NFS allows clients to generate new files and folders, facilitating the expansion and organization of the file system. This operation involves the allocation of storage space and the initialization of metadata for the newly created entities. Listing All Files and Folders in a Folder: Navigating the NFS structure becomes effortless for clients as they can retrieve comprehensive listings of files and subfolders within a specified directory. This feature aids in efficient file system exploration and management. Getting Additional Information: Clients can access a wealth of supplementary information about specific files. This includes details such as file size, access rights, timestamps, and other metadata, providing clients with comprehensive insights into the files they interact with. Streaming Audio Files: Clients have the ability to stream audio files directly over the NFS. The specifications you are required to implement are listed below. Suitable examples of how they are expected to work are provided. However, note that this is just to give you an idea. You have freedom to implement the requirements in the way you want.\n\nSpecifications\n\nNaming and Storage Servers 1.1 Initialization [60 Marks] The process of initializing the Naming Server (NM) and Storage Servers (SS) sets the foundation for the entire network file system. Here are the key steps involved in starting the system:\nInitialize the Naming Server (NM): The first step is to initialize the Naming Server, which serves as the central coordination point in the NFS. It is responsible for managing the directory structure and maintaining essential information about file locations. The IP address and port of the Naming Server can be assumed to be known publicly so that it can be provided to Clients and Storage servers while registering. Note that since the IP address is dynamic, you have to inform each storage server and client about it when they attempt to register. Do not hardcode IP address to 127.0.0.1 and port since we will test on multiple laptops. (2 for SS, 1 for NM, 1 for client. You have to open multiple SS on each laptop)\n\nInitialize Storage Server 1 (SS_1): Each Storage Server (SS) is responsible for storing files and interacting with both the Naming Server and clients. Initialization of SS_1 involves several sub-steps: Upon initialization, SS_1 sends vital details about its existence to the Naming Server. This information includes: IP address: To facilitate communication and location tracking. Port for NM Connection: A dedicated port for direct communication with the Naming Server. Port for Client Connection: A separate port for clients to interact with SS_1. List of Accessible Paths: A comprehensive list of file and folder paths that are accessible on SS_1. The Storage server, while registering should be able to decide which path has to be made accessible to the NFS. You are free to give this as a command-line input or any other way. Initialize SS_2 to SS_n: Following the same procedure as SS_1, additional Storage Servers (SS_2 to SS_n) are initialized, each providing their details to the Naming Server. NM Starts Accepting Client Requests: Once all Storage Servers are initialized and registered with the Naming Server, the Naming Server begins accepting client requests. It becomes the central point through which clients access and manage files and directories within the network file system. 1.2 On storage servers (SS) [120 Marks] The Storage Servers play a crucial role in the network file system and are equipped with the following functionalities:\n\nAdding new storage servers: New Storage Servers (i.e., which begin running after the initial initialization phase) have the capability to dynamically add their entries to the Naming Server at any point during execution. This flexibility ensures that the system can adapt to changes and scaling requirements seamlessly. Commands Issued by NM: The Naming Server can issue specific commands to the Storage Servers, including: Create an Empty File/Directory: The Naming Server can instruct a Storage Server to create an empty file or directory, initiating the storage of new data. Delete a File/Directory: Storage Servers can receive commands to delete files or directories, thereby freeing up storage space and maintaining data consistency. Copy Files/Directories: Storage Servers can copy files or directories from other Storage Servers, with the NM providing the relevant IP addresses for efficient data transfer. Client Interactions: Storage Servers also facilitate client interactions by providing the following functionalities. These interactions are orchestrated by the NS where it provides the IP Address and Port of the relevant storage server to the client: Read a File: Clients can request Storage Servers to retrieve and send the content of a specific file, allowing seamless data access. Write to a File: Clients can send data to Storage Servers, which is then written to the designated file. This operation ensures data updates and modifications are correctly stored. Get Size and Permissions: Clients can query Storage Servers to retrieve essential file information such as size and access permissions, aiding in file management. Stream Audio Files: Clients can request the Storage Servers to get audio files data in binary format which can directly be fed into a music player to stream audio files. We won’t judge you for your music taste during evals ;). But bonus if you provide Coldplay tickets at a reasonable price. 1.3 On naming server (NM) [30 Marks] Storing Storage Server data: One of the fundamental functions of the Naming Server (NM) is to serve as the central repository for critical information provided by Storage Servers (SS) upon connection. Client task feedback: Upon completion of tasks initiated by clients (as described in Specification 2), the NM plays a pivotal role in providing timely and relevant feedback to the requesting clients. This is really important in real-systems where client response latency is pivotal. 2. Clients [80 Marks] Clients initiate communication with the Naming Server (NM) to interact with the NFS. Here’s how this interaction unfolds:\n\nPath finding: Say, the client passes READ dir1/dir2/file.txt to the NM -> the NM looks over all the global paths in SS1, SS2, SS3… then sees that the path is present in SSx -> The NM gives relevant information about SSx to the client. Functionalities to implement are:\n\nNOTE : Provided syntax just for reference. You aren’t expected to follow it explicitly.\n\nReading, Writing, Retrieving Information about Files and Streaming Audio: Client Request: Clients can initiate file-related operations such as reading, writing, obtaining information or streaming audio files by providing the file’s path. The NM, upon receiving the request, takes on the responsibility of locating the correct SS where the file is stored. NM Facilitation: The NM identifies the correct Storage Server and returns the precise IP address and client port for that SS to the client. Direct Communication: Subsequently, the client directly communicates with the designated SS. This direct communication is established, and the client continuously receives information packets from the SS until a predefined “STOP” packet is sent or a specified condition for task completion is met. The “STOP” packet serves as a signal to conclude the operation. Creating and Deleting Files and Folders: Client Request: Clients can request file and folder creation or deletion operations by providing the respective path and action (create or delete). Once the NM determines the correct SS, it forwards the request to the appropriate SS for execution. SS Execution: The SS processes the request and performs the specified action, such as creating an empty file or deleting a file/folder. Acknowledgment and Feedback: After successful execution, the SS sends an acknowledgment (ACK) or a STOP packet to the NM to confirm task completion. The NM, in turn, conveys this information back to the client, providing feedback on the task’s status. Copying Files/Directories Between Storage Servers: Client Request: Clients can request to copy files or directories between SS by providing both the source and destination paths.The NM, upon receiving this request, assumes responsibility for managing the file/folder transfer between the relevant SS. NM Execution: The NM orchestrates the copying process, ensuring that data is transferred accurately. This operation may involve copying data from one SS to another, even if both source and destination paths lie within the same SS. Acknowledgment and Client Notification: Upon the successful completion of the copy operation, the NM sends an acknowledgment (ACK) packet to the client. This ACK serves as confirmation that the requested data transfer has been successfully executed. Listing all accessible paths: Client Request: Client requests the NS to inform about all accessible paths available. This helps the client to get an idea of what files it can access. NM Execution : The NS provides all the accessible paths across all registered storage servers to the client. Here are a few examples to give an idea.\n\nExample 1\n\nClient : READ <path> NS looks for the given path in list of accessible paths. If found return IP and Port. NS (to client) : IP: 10.2.141.242 Port: 5050 Client sends request to SS SS (to client) : OSN TA's are the best especially _________\n\nExample 2\n\nClient : STREAM <path> NS looks for the given path in list of accessible paths. If found and valid format, return IP and Port. NS (to client) : IP: 10.2.141.242 Port: 5050 Client sends request to SS. SS sends music packets to client. Client uses music player to stream audio files from the input packet.\n\nNOTE : Command line music players are available, they don’t require extra work even for MAC. For example: mpv is generally pre-installed on most distros.\n\nExample 3\n\nClient : CREATE <path> <name> NS looks whether the given path is available for creation. NS (to SS) : Sends the path and name to be created SS sends acknowledgement to NM. NM sends acknowledgment to Client. Note : NM will also dynamically add the new path in this case into the list of accessible paths. Handle this operation in backup SSs also(Refer Spec 3.5) (Hint: In copy, deletion also you have to dynamically update the accessible paths and backups)\n\nExample 4\n\nClient : COPY <source> <dest> NS looks whether the given source and destination paths is available .(Handle all the different types of source and destination paths possible) Handle how you want to do copy operation between different SSs or among same SS Destination SS sends acknowledgement to NM. NM sends acknowledgment to Client.\n\nNOTE: Marks awarded here are essentially for the requests to the NM. Actual implementation of the requests by the NM and SSs have been assigned points in Specification 1.\n\nOther features 3.1 Asynchronous and Synchronous writing [50 Marks] Allowing Asynchronous writing: Your NFS should support asynchronous writing. Simply put, if the client gives large input data to write, waiting for the entire write process to be completed can consume a lot of time. The client will keep waiting for an acknowledgment till the entire data has been written. Most of the times the write operation isn’t critical. Asynchronous write allows the storage servers to write large file requests in their local memory and periodically flush it to persistent memory (ie, actual files) in fixed size chunks. Acknowledging the client: If the SS decides to write data asynchronously (possibly judging by the data size), it sends an immediate acknowledgement to the client that their request has been accepted. After successful write operation, the SS again informs the client about the same through the NS since the connection between the SS and client will be closed after the first acknowledgment. Handling partial writes: If the SS goes down while it was in the process of an asynchronous write, the NS informs the client about this failure. Priority writes: If the client wants to write data synchronously irrespective of the response time overhead, it can prioritize the task while initiating a write request to the NS, say through a --SYNC flag or any other reasonable method. 3.2 Multiple Clients [70 Marks] Concurrent Client Access: Your NFS design accommodates multiple clients attempting to access the Naming Server (NM) simultaneously. To ensure a smooth experience, the NM responds to client requests with an initial ACK to acknowledge the receipt of the request. If this initial ACK is not received within a reasonable time-frame, the client may display a timeout message. Importantly, the NM should not block while processing operations specified in parts 2 and 3 of Specification 2. To achieve this, an initial ACK and a final ACK from the relevant Storage Server (SS) can be employed, allowing the NM to handle other requests between these acknowledgments. Concurrent File Reading: While multiple clients can read the same file simultaneously, only one client can execute write operations on a file at any given time. For asynchronous writes, you can assume that the file is under write till the entire operation is completed. If a client is writing onto the file other clients do not have the access of reading it. 3.3 Error Codes [20 Marks] Error Handling: Define a set of error codes that can be returned when a client’s request cannot be accommodated. For example, the NM should return distinct error codes for situations where a file is unavailable because it doesn’t exist and when another client is currently writing to the file. Clear and descriptive error codes enhance the communication of issues between the NFS and clients. 3.4 Search in Naming Servers [80 Marks] Efficient Search: Optimize the search process employed by the Naming Server when serving client requests. Avoid linear searches and explore more efficient data structures such as Tries and Hashmaps to swiftly identify the correct Storage Server (SS) for a given request. This optimization enhances response times, especially in systems with a large number of files and folders. LRU Caching: Implement LRU (Least Recently Used) caching for recent searches. By caching recently accessed information, the NM can expedite subsequent requests for the same data, further improving response times and system efficiency. 3.5 Backing up Data [70 Marks] Failure Detection: The NM should be equipped to detect Storage Server (SS) failures. This capability ensures that the NFS can respond promptly to any disruptions in SS availability. Replication: Implement a replication strategy for data stored within the NFS. This strategy involves duplicating every file and folder in an SS in two other SS (once the number of SS exceeds two). In the event of an SS failure, the NM should be able to retrieve the requested data from one of the replicated stores. However, at this stage, only read operations should be allowed. Asynchronous Duplication: Every write command should be duplicated asynchronously across all replicated stores. The NM does not wait for acknowledgment but ensures that data is redundantly stored for fault tolerance. 3.6 Redundancy [BONUS][50 Marks] SS Recovery: When an SS comes back online (reconnects to the NM), the duplicated stores should be matched back to the original SS. Additionally, no new entries should be added to the list of accessible files and folders in the NM during this process. 3.7 Bookkeeping [20 Marks] Logging and Message Display: Implement a logging mechanism where the NM records every request or acknowledgment received from clients or Storage Servers. Additionally, the NM should display or print relevant messages indicating the status and outcome of each operation. This bookkeeping ensures traceability and aids in debugging and system monitoring. IP Address and Port Recording: The log should include relevant information such as IP addresses and ports used in each communication, enhancing the ability to trace and diagnose issues. Some pointers: Use TCP sockets You may use any POSIX C library (opengroup link) As always, decompose the problem and write modular code Start _early _- we really can’t stress this enough Cite your resources if you take any ideas or code Lastly, make necessary assumptions Reference code of NFS implementation -> GitHub Logo Additional How do I start? Define the calls. For example, define the format of the functionality of the read call for the client as READ path and then divide the work amongst yourselves with each team member implementing either the client, the naming server or the storage server code. Identify things that can be decoupled. For example, the specification where an SS can join the NM at any given moment of execution doesn’t depend on neither the client or the SS (Assuming you have figured out how SSs attach themselves at the beginning of the execution). One team member can implement this while the other thinks of ways to implement caching (You probably won’t get merge conflicts as you’ll be changing different parts of the naming server code) Remember figuring things out is just as important as coding the implementation in this assignment. Not everyone needs to be programming at once. One could design the redundancy attribute and start coding it up later. Make your life easier Use wireshark for debugging TCP communications by inspecting your packets when required. You can use netcat to create client/server stubs so that you can start testing your components even if some of it hasn’t been coded up. Communicate with your teammates if you cannot fulfill your deliverables on time. That is the entire point of team-work :) . Here are a few resources you could read before starting:\nA few slides on the topic: https://cs.gmu.edu/~setia/cs571-F02/slides/lec9.pdf The Apache Hadoop DFS: https://www.databricks.com/glossary/hadoop-distributed-file-system-hdfs CMU slides on Distrbuted File Systems: https://web2.qatar.cmu.edu/~msakr/15440-f11/lectures/Lecture19_15440_MHH_14Nov_2011.ppt Rutgers university’s resources: https://people.cs.rutgers.edu/~pxk/rutgers/lectures/l-dfs.html Resources you could use for the implementation:\n\nHandling multiple clients: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/handling-multiple-clients-on-server-with-multithreading-using-socket-programming-in-c-cpp/ Handling multiple clients without multithreading - https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/socket-programming-in-cc-handling-multiple-clients-on-server-without-multi-threading/ (This section will be updated on specific requests in the doubts document) Working with mpv music player - https://mpv.io/manual/master/ (Hint: You can use system commands in C to redirect content to music player)\n\nimplement the storage server. specifically, handle the initialization of storage servers 1 through n, then implement the \"on storage servers [120 marks]\" specification given. just focus on storage server implementation for now.",
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        "text": "read through the specifications again. the IP cannot be hard coded. use my implementation of naming server as a reference and implement storage server accordingly such that the storage server can seamlessly connet with the naming server given the current implementation.",
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          "value": "Understood. I'll adjust the storage server implementation to remove hard-coded IP addresses and make it compatible with your naming server. The storage server will:\n\n- Accept the Naming Server's IP address and port as command-line arguments.\n- Dynamically obtain its own IP address.\n- Register with the Naming Server using dynamic IP and port.\n- Handle client requests and Naming Server commands accordingly.\n\nHere is the updated storage server code:\n\n```c\n// storage_server.c\n\n#include <stdio.h>\n#include <stdlib.h>\n#include <string.h>\n#include <unistd.h>\n#include <pthread.h>\n#include <arpa/inet.h>\n#include <dirent.h>\n#include <sys/stat.h>\n#include <netdb.h>\n#include <ifaddrs.h>\n#include <net/if.h>\n\n#define BUFFER_SIZE 1024\n#define MAX_PATHS 10\n\nchar accessible_paths[MAX_PATHS][256]; // List of accessible paths\nint num_paths = 0;\n\n// Function to get the local IP address\nvoid get_local_ip(char *ip_buffer) {\n    struct ifaddrs *ifaddr, *ifa;\n    int family;\n    if (getifaddrs(&ifaddr) == -1) {\n        perror(\"getifaddrs failed\");\n        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n    }\n    for (ifa = ifaddr; ifa != NULL; 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i < num_paths; i++) {\n        strcat(buffer, \" \");\n        strcat(buffer, accessible_paths[i]);\n    }\n\n    // Send registration details\n    send(sock, buffer, strlen(buffer), 0);\n    close(sock);\n}\n\n// Function to handle NM commands\nvoid *nm_handler(void *arg) {\n    int server_fd = *(int *)arg;\n    int new_socket;\n    struct sockaddr_in address;\n    socklen_t addrlen = sizeof(address);\n    char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];\n\n    while (1) {\n        if ((new_socket = accept(server_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&address,\n                                 &addrlen)) < 0) {\n            perror(\"Accept failed\");\n            continue;\n        }\n\n        bzero(buffer, BUFFER_SIZE);\n        read(new_socket, buffer, BUFFER_SIZE);\n\n        // Handle NM commands\n        if (strncmp(buffer, \"CREATE\", 6) == 0) {\n            // Create file or directory\n            char path[256];\n            sscanf(buffer + 7, \"%s\", path);\n            mkdir(path, 0755);\n        } else if (strncmp(buffer, \"DELETE\", 6) == 0) {\n            // Delete file or directory\n            char path[256];\n            sscanf(buffer + 7, \"%s\", path);\n            remove(path);\n        } else if (strncmp(buffer, \"COPY\", 4) == 0) {\n            // Handle copy command\n            // Implementation depends on NM protocol\n        }\n\n        close(new_socket);\n    }\n    return NULL;\n}\n\n// Function to handle client requests\nvoid *client_handler(void *arg) {\n    int server_fd = *(int *)arg;\n    int new_socket;\n    struct sockaddr_in address;\n    socklen_t addrlen = sizeof(address);\n    char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];\n\n    while (1) {\n        if ((new_socket = accept(server_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&address,\n                                 &addrlen)) < 0) {\n            perror(\"Accept failed\");\n            continue;\n        }\n\n        bzero(buffer, BUFFER_SIZE);\n        read(new_socket, buffer, BUFFER_SIZE);\n\n        // Handle client requests\n        if (strncmp(buffer, \"READ\", 4) == 0) {\n            // Send file content\n            char path[256];\n            sscanf(buffer + 5, \"%s\", path);\n            FILE *fp = fopen(path, \"r\");\n            if (fp) {\n                while (fgets(buffer, BUFFER_SIZE, fp)) {\n                    send(new_socket, buffer, strlen(buffer), 0);\n                }\n                fclose(fp);\n            }\n        } else if (strncmp(buffer, \"WRITE\", 5) == 0) {\n            // Receive and write data to file\n            char path[256];\n            sscanf(buffer + 6, \"%s\", path);\n            FILE *fp = fopen(path, \"w\");\n            if (fp) {\n                bzero(buffer, BUFFER_SIZE);\n                read(new_socket, buffer, BUFFER_SIZE);\n                fprintf(fp, \"%s\", buffer);\n                fclose(fp);\n            }\n        } else if (strncmp(buffer, \"INFO\", 4) == 0) {\n            // Get size and permissions\n            char path[256];\n            struct stat st;\n            sscanf(buffer + 5, \"%s\", path);\n            if (stat(path, &st) == 0) {\n                sprintf(buffer, \"Size: %ld, Permissions: %o\\n\", st.st_size, st.st_mode & 0777);\n                send(new_socket, buffer, strlen(buffer), 0);\n            }\n        } else if (strncmp(buffer, \"STREAM\", 6) == 0) {\n            // Stream audio file\n            char path[256];\n            sscanf(buffer + 7, \"%s\", path);\n            FILE *fp = fopen(path, \"rb\");\n            if (fp) {\n                while (!feof(fp)) {\n                    int bytes_read = fread(buffer, 1, BUFFER_SIZE, fp);\n                    send(new_socket, buffer, bytes_read, 0);\n                }\n                fclose(fp);\n            }\n        }\n\n        close(new_socket);\n    }\n    return NULL;\n}\n\nint main(int argc, char *argv[]) {\n    int nm_conn_fd, client_conn_fd;\n    struct sockaddr_in nm_conn_addr, client_conn_addr;\n    pthread_t nm_thread, client_thread;\n    int nm_conn_port = 0, client_port = 0;\n    int opt;\n    char *nm_ip = NULL;\n    int nm_port = 0;\n\n    if (argc < 5) {\n        printf(\"Usage: %s -n <NM IP> -p <NM Port> [accessible paths...]\\n\", argv[0]);\n        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n    }\n\n    // Parse command-line arguments\n    while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, \"n:p:\")) != -1) {\n        switch (opt) {\n            case 'n':\n                nm_ip = optarg;\n                break;\n            case 'p':\n                nm_port = atoi(optarg);\n                break;\n            default:\n                fprintf(stderr, \"Usage: %s -n <NM IP> -p <NM Port> [accessible paths...]\\n\", argv[0]);\n                exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n        }\n    }\n\n    // Store accessible paths\n    for (int i = optind; 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// Let OS assign a port\n\n    if (bind(client_conn_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&client_conn_addr, sizeof(client_conn_addr)) < 0) {\n        perror(\"Client bind failed\");\n        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n    }\n\n    // Get the assigned port\n    addrlen = sizeof(client_conn_addr);\n    if (getsockname(client_conn_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&client_conn_addr, &addrlen) == -1) {\n        perror(\"getsockname failed\");\n        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n    }\n    client_port = ntohs(client_conn_addr.sin_port);\n\n    if (listen(client_conn_fd, 5) < 0) {\n        perror(\"Client listen failed\");\n        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n    }\n\n    // Register with NM\n    register_with_nm(nm_ip, nm_port, nm_conn_port, client_port);\n\n    // Create threads to handle NM and client communications\n    pthread_create(&nm_thread, NULL, nm_handler, (void *)&nm_conn_fd);\n    pthread_create(&client_thread, NULL, client_handler, (void *)&client_conn_fd);\n\n    // Wait for threads to finish\n    pthread_join(nm_thread, NULL);\n    pthread_join(client_thread, NULL);\n\n    return 0;\n}\n```\n\n**Explanation:**\n\n- **Dynamic NM IP and Port:** The storage server accepts the Naming Server's IP address and port as command-line arguments using `-n` and `-p` options.\n\n- **Dynamic Own IP Address:** The `get_local_ip` function retrieves the storage server's own IP address.\n\n- **Dynamic Ports:** The storage server lets the OS assign available ports for NM communication (`nm_conn_port`) and client communication (`client_port`). 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          "value": " is exiting after handling a `READ` operation, and you want it to stay available for subsequent client commands. Additionally, you need a `Makefile` to compile all three files and commands to test your code.\n\n---\n\n### **Fixing ",
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          "value": "**\n\nThe issue likely arises because the storage server handles the client connection and then exits instead of continuing to listen for new connections. To fix this, ensure that your server's main loop continues running after serving a client request.\n\nHere's how you can modify your ",
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          "value": " focusing on keeping the server running after handling a client request.\n\n```c\n// storage_server.c\n\n#include <stdio.h>\n#include <stdlib.h>\n#include <string.h>\n#include <unistd.h>\n#include <pthread.h>\n#include <arpa/inet.h>\n#include <dirent.h>\n#include <sys/stat.h>\n#include <netdb.h>\n#include <ifaddrs.h>\n#include <net/if.h>\n#include <fcntl.h>\n\n#define BUFFER_SIZE 1024\n#define MAX_PATHS 10\n\nchar accessible_paths[MAX_PATHS][256]; // List of accessible paths\nint num_paths = 0;\n\n// Function to get the local IP address\nvoid get_local_ip(char *ip_buffer) {\n    // ... (same as before)\n}\n\n// Function to send registration details to NM\nvoid register_with_nm(char *nm_ip, int nm_port, int client_port) {\n    // ... (same as before)\n}\n\n// Function to handle client requests\nvoid *handle_client(void *arg) {\n    int client_socket = *(int *)arg;\n    free(arg);\n    char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];\n\n    // Receive request from the client\n    bzero(buffer, BUFFER_SIZE);\n    ssize_t bytes_received = recv(client_socket, buffer, BUFFER_SIZE, 0);\n    if (bytes_received <= 0) {\n        perror(\"Client receive failed\");\n        close(client_socket);\n        pthread_exit(NULL);\n    }\n\n    buffer[bytes_received] = '\\0';\n\n    // Process client request\n    if (strncmp(buffer, \"READ \", 5) == 0) {\n        // Extract file path\n        char path[256];\n        sscanf(buffer + 5, \"%s\", path);\n        // Ensure the path is accessible\n        // ... (add code to check if path is in accessible_paths)\n\n        // Open and send file content\n        FILE *fp = fopen(path, \"r\");\n        if (fp) {\n            while (fgets(buffer, BUFFER_SIZE, fp)) {\n                send(client_socket, buffer, strlen(buffer), 0);\n            }\n            fclose(fp);\n        } else {\n            perror(\"File open failed\");\n        }\n    }\n    // Handle other operations: WRITE, INFO, STREAM, etc.\n\n    // Close client socket and exit thread\n    close(client_socket);\n    pthread_exit(NULL);\n}\n\nint main(int argc, char *argv[]) {\n    int client_fd;\n    struct sockaddr_in client_addr;\n    int client_port = 0;\n    int opt;\n    char *nm_ip = NULL;\n    int nm_port = 0;\n\n    // Parse command-line arguments\n    // ... (same as before)\n\n    // Create socket for client communication\n    client_fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);\n    if (client_fd == -1) {\n        perror(\"Client socket creation failed\");\n        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n    }\n\n    // Set socket options to reuse address\n    int reuse = 1;\n    if (setsockopt(client_fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, (const char*)&reuse, sizeof(reuse)) < 0) {\n        perror(\"setsockopt(SO_REUSEADDR) failed\");\n    }\n\n    client_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;\n    client_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;\n    client_addr.sin_port = htons(0); // Use any available port\n\n    if (bind(client_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&client_addr, sizeof(client_addr)) < 0) {\n        perror(\"Client bind failed\");\n        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n    }\n\n    socklen_t addrlen = sizeof(client_addr);\n    if (getsockname(client_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&client_addr, &addrlen) == -1) {\n        perror(\"getsockname failed\");\n        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n    }\n    client_port = ntohs(client_addr.sin_port);\n\n    if (listen(client_fd, 5) < 0) {\n        perror(\"Client listen failed\");\n        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n    }\n\n    // Register with NM\n    register_with_nm(nm_ip, nm_port, client_port);\n\n    printf(\"Storage Server listening on port %d\\n\", client_port);\n\n    // Main loop to accept and handle client connections\n    while (1) {\n        int *new_socket = malloc(sizeof(int));\n        struct sockaddr_in client;\n        socklen_t client_len = sizeof(client);\n\n        *new_socket = accept(client_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&client, &client_len);\n        if (*new_socket < 0) {\n            perror(\"Accept failed\");\n            free(new_socket);\n            continue;\n        }\n\n        // Create a new thread for each client\n        pthread_t client_thread;\n        if (pthread_create(&client_thread, NULL, handle_client, (void *)new_socket) != 0) {\n            perror(\"Could not create client thread\");\n            close(*new_socket);\n            free(new_socket);\n            continue;\n        }\n\n        // Detach the thread so that it cleans up after itself\n        pthread_detach(client_thread);\n    }\n\n    close(client_fd);\n\n    return 0;\n}\n```\n\n**Explanation:**\n\n- **Main Loop**: The main thread continuously listens for incoming client connections in a loop.\n\n- **Thread per Client**: Each client connection is handled in a separate thread (`handle_client`). This prevents the server from blocking and allows multiple clients to be served concurrently.\n\n- **Socket Cleanup**: After serving the client, the thread closes the client socket and exits, but the main server continues to run and accept new connections.\n\n- **Using `pthread_detach`**: The threads are detached to ensure they free their resources upon completion without needing to be `pthread_join`ed.\n\n---\n\n### **Writing the `Makefile`**\n\nHere is a `Makefile` to compile your three C files into executables:\n\n```Makefile\n# Makefile\n\nCC = gcc\nCFLAGS = -pthread -Wall -Wextra\n\nTARGETS = naming_server storage_server client\n\nall: $(TARGETS)\n\nnaming_server: naming_server.c\n\t$(CC) $(CFLAGS) naming_server.c -o naming_server\n\nstorage_server: storage_server.c\n\t$(CC) $(CFLAGS) storage_server.c -o storage_server\n\nclient: client.c\n\t$(CC) $(CFLAGS) client.c -o client\n\nclean:\n\trm -f $(TARGETS)\n```\n\n**Explanation:**\n\n- **Variables**:\n  - `CC` is set to `gcc`.\n  - `CFLAGS` includes `-pthread` for threading and warnings enabled.\n\n- **Targets**:\n  - `all` builds all executables.\n  - Each target compiles its corresponding `.c` file.\n\n- **`clean`**:\n  - Removes the compiled executables.\n\n---\n\n### **Commands to Test Your Code**\n\nAssuming your current working directory contains `naming_server`, `storage_server`, and `client` executables, and that you have appropriate paths to accessible directories.\n\n**Step 1: Start the Naming Server**\n\n```bash\n./naming_server\n```\n\nThis will start the naming server, which will output the port it's listening on (e.g., `Port: 5000`).\n\n**Note**: If the naming server needs specific command-line arguments, adjust accordingly.\n\n**Step 2: Start the Storage Server(s)**\n\n```bash\n./storage_server -n <NM_IP> -p <NM_PORT> /path/to/accessible_directory\n```\n\nReplace `<NM_IP>` with the IP address where the naming server is running. If running locally, you can use `127.0.0.1` or `localhost`. 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accessible paths\ntypedef struct {\n    char path[MAX_LENGTH];\n} AccessiblePath;\n\nAccessiblePath accessible_paths[MAX_PATHS];\nint num_paths = 0;\n\n// Function to get the local IP address\nvoid get_local_ip(char *ip_buffer) {\n    struct ifaddrs *ifaddr, *ifa;\n    int family;\n    if (getifaddrs(&ifaddr) == -1) {\n        perror(\"getifaddrs failed\");\n        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n    }\n    for (ifa = ifaddr; ifa != NULL; ifa = ifa->ifa_next) {\n        if (ifa->ifa_addr == NULL)\n            continue;\n        family = ifa->ifa_addr->sa_family;\n        // Get the first non-loopback IPv4 address\n        if (family == AF_INET && !(ifa->ifa_flags & IFF_LOOPBACK)) {\n            getnameinfo(ifa->ifa_addr, sizeof(struct sockaddr_in),\n                        ip_buffer, NI_MAXHOST, NULL, 0, NI_NUMERICHOST);\n            break;\n        }\n    }\n    freeifaddrs(ifaddr);\n}\n\n// Function to send registration details to NM\nvoid register_with_nm(char *nm_ip, int nm_port, int ss_ip_port) {\n    int sock_fd;\n    struct sockaddr_in nm_addr;\n    char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];\n    char local_ip[NI_MAXHOST];\n\n    // Get local IP\n    get_local_ip(local_ip);\n\n    // Create socket\n    sock_fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);\n    if (sock_fd == -1) {\n        perror(\"Socket creation failed\");\n        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n    }\n\n    nm_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;\n    nm_addr.sin_port = htons(nm_port);\n    if (inet_pton(AF_INET, nm_ip, &nm_addr.sin_addr) <= 0) {\n        perror(\"Invalid NM address\");\n        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n    }\n\n    // Connect to NM\n    if (connect(sock_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&nm_addr, sizeof(nm_addr)) < 0) {\n        perror(\"Connection to NM failed\");\n        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n    }\n\n    // Send registration message\n    snprintf(buffer, BUFFER_SIZE, \"REGISTER %s %d\", local_ip, ss_ip_port);\n    if (send(sock_fd, buffer, strlen(buffer), 0) <= 0) {\n        perror(\"Send REGISTER failed\");\n        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n    }\n\n    // Send accessible paths\n    for (int i = 0; i < num_paths; i++) {\n        memset(buffer, 0, BUFFER_SIZE);\n        snprintf(buffer, BUFFER_SIZE, \"PATH %s\", accessible_paths[i].path);\n        if (send(sock_fd, buffer, strlen(buffer), 0) <= 0) {\n            perror(\"Send PATH failed\");\n            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n        }\n    }\n\n    // Send \"END\" message to indicate registration completion\n    memset(buffer, 0, BUFFER_SIZE);\n    strcpy(buffer, \"END\");\n    if (send(sock_fd, buffer, strlen(buffer), 0) <= 0) {\n        perror(\"Send END failed\");\n        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n    }\n\n    // Close the socket\n    close(sock_fd);\n}\n\n// Function to check if the requested path is accessible\nint is_accessible_path(const char *path) {\n    for (int i = 0; i < num_paths; i++) {\n        if (strncmp(path, accessible_paths[i].path, strlen(accessible_paths[i].path)) == 0) {\n            return 1;\n        }\n    }\n    return 0;\n}\n\n// Function to copy a file from source to destination\nint copy_file(const char *src_path, const char *dest_path) {\n    int source_fd = open(src_path, O_RDONLY);\n    if (source_fd == -1) {\n        perror(\"Open source file failed\");\n        return -1;\n    }\n\n    int dest_fd = open(dest_path, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, 0644);\n    if (dest_fd == -1) {\n        perror(\"Open destination file failed\");\n        close(source_fd);\n        return -1;\n    }\n\n    struct stat stat_buf;\n    fstat(source_fd, &stat_buf);\n\n    off_t offset = 0;\n    ssize_t bytes_sent = sendfile(dest_fd, source_fd, &offset, stat_buf.st_size);\n    if (bytes_sent == -1) {\n        perror(\"Sendfile failed\");\n        close(source_fd);\n        close(dest_fd);\n        return -1;\n    }\n\n    close(source_fd);\n    close(dest_fd);\n    return 0;\n}\n\n// Function to recursively copy directories\nint copy_directory(const char *src_path, const char *dest_path) {\n    DIR *dir = opendir(src_path);\n    if (dir == NULL) {\n        perror(\"Open source directory failed\");\n        return -1;\n    }\n\n    if (mkdir(dest_path, 0755) == -1) {\n        if (errno != EEXIST) {\n            perror(\"Create destination directory failed\");\n            closedir(dir);\n            return -1;\n        }\n    }\n\n    struct dirent *entry;\n    char src_entry_path[MAX_LENGTH];\n    char dest_entry_path[MAX_LENGTH];\n\n    while ((entry = readdir(dir)) != NULL) {\n        // Skip \".\" and \"..\"\n        if (strcmp(entry->d_name, \".\") == 0 || strcmp(entry->d_name, \"..\") == 0)\n            continue;\n\n        snprintf(src_entry_path, MAX_LENGTH, \"%s/%s\", src_path, entry->d_name);\n        snprintf(dest_entry_path, MAX_LENGTH, \"%s/%s\", dest_path, entry->d_name);\n\n        struct stat st;\n        if (stat(src_entry_path, &st) == -1) {\n            perror(\"Stat error\");\n            closedir(dir);\n            return -1;\n        }\n\n        if (S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) {\n            // Recursively copy sub-directory\n            if (copy_directory(src_entry_path, dest_entry_path) == -1) {\n                closedir(dir);\n                return -1;\n            }\n        } else if (S_ISREG(st.st_mode)) {\n            // Copy file\n            if (copy_file(src_entry_path, dest_entry_path) == -1) {\n                closedir(dir);\n                return -1;\n            }\n        }\n    }\n\n    closedir(dir);\n    return 0;\n}\n\n// Function to handle client requests\nvoid *handle_client(void *arg) {\n    int client_socket = *(int *)arg;\n    free(arg);\n\n    char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];\n    ssize_t bytes_received;\n\n    while ((bytes_received = recv(client_socket, buffer, BUFFER_SIZE - 1, 0)) > 0) {\n        buffer[bytes_received] = '\\0';\n\n        // Process client request\n        if (strncmp(buffer, \"READ \", 5) == 0) {\n            // Extract file path\n            char path[MAX_LENGTH];\n            sscanf(buffer + 5, \"%s\", path);\n\n            // Check if path is accessible\n            if (!is_accessible_path(path)) {\n                strcpy(buffer, \"ERROR: Path not accessible\\n\");\n                send(client_socket, buffer, strlen(buffer), 0);\n                continue;\n            }\n\n            // Open and send file content\n            FILE *fp = fopen(path, \"r\");\n            if (fp) {\n                while (fgets(buffer, BUFFER_SIZE, fp)) {\n                    send(client_socket, buffer, strlen(buffer), 0);\n                }\n                fclose(fp);\n            } else {\n                snprintf(buffer, BUFFER_SIZE, \"ERROR: Cannot open file %s\\n\", path);\n                send(client_socket, buffer, strlen(buffer), 0);\n            }\n        } else if (strncmp(buffer, \"WRITE \", 6) == 0) {\n            // Extract file path\n            char path[MAX_LENGTH];\n            sscanf(buffer + 6, \"%s\", path);\n\n            // Check if path is accessible\n            if (!is_accessible_path(path)) {\n                strcpy(buffer, \"ERROR: Path not accessible\\n\");\n                send(client_socket, buffer, strlen(buffer), 0);\n                continue;\n            }\n\n            // Open file for writing\n            FILE *fp = fopen(path, \"w\");\n            if (fp) {\n                // Receive data to write\n                memset(buffer, 0, BUFFER_SIZE);\n                bytes_received = recv(client_socket, buffer, BUFFER_SIZE - 1, 0);\n                if (bytes_received > 0) {\n                    fwrite(buffer, 1, bytes_received, fp);\n                }\n                fclose(fp);\n                strcpy(buffer, \"ACK\\n\");\n                send(client_socket, buffer, strlen(buffer), 0);\n            } else {\n                snprintf(buffer, BUFFER_SIZE, \"ERROR: Cannot open file %s\\n\", path);\n                send(client_socket, buffer, strlen(buffer), 0);\n            }\n        } else if (strncmp(buffer, \"INFO \", 5) == 0) {\n            // Extract file path\n            char path[MAX_LENGTH];\n            sscanf(buffer + 5, \"%s\", path);\n\n            // Check if path is accessible\n            if (!is_accessible_path(path)) {\n                strcpy(buffer, \"ERROR: Path not accessible\\n\");\n                send(client_socket, buffer, strlen(buffer), 0);\n                continue;\n            }\n\n            // Get file info\n            struct stat st;\n            if (stat(path, &st) == 0) {\n                snprintf(buffer, BUFFER_SIZE, \"Size: %ld bytes, Permissions: %o\\n\", st.st_size, st.st_mode & 0777);\n                send(client_socket, buffer, strlen(buffer), 0);\n            } else {\n                snprintf(buffer, BUFFER_SIZE, \"ERROR: Cannot stat file %s\\n\", path);\n                send(client_socket, buffer, strlen(buffer), 0);\n            }\n        } else if (strncmp(buffer, \"STREAM \", 7) == 0) {\n            // Extract file path\n            char path[MAX_LENGTH];\n            sscanf(buffer + 7, \"%s\", path);\n\n            // Check if path is accessible\n            if (!is_accessible_path(path)) {\n                strcpy(buffer, \"ERROR: Path not accessible\\n\");\n                send(client_socket, buffer, strlen(buffer), 0);\n                continue;\n            }\n\n            // Open and stream binary data\n            int fd = open(path, O_RDONLY);\n            if (fd != -1) {\n                struct stat st;\n                fstat(fd, &st);\n                off_t offset = 0;\n                ssize_t bytes_sent;\n                while (offset < st.st_size) {\n                    bytes_sent = sendfile(client_socket, fd, &offset, st.st_size - offset);\n                    if (bytes_sent <= 0) {\n                        perror(\"Sendfile failed\");\n                        break;\n                    }\n                }\n                close(fd);\n            } else {\n                snprintf(buffer, BUFFER_SIZE, \"ERROR: Cannot open file %s\\n\", path);\n                send(client_socket, buffer, strlen(buffer), 0);\n            }\n        } else {\n            strcpy(buffer, \"ERROR: Invalid command\\n\");\n            send(client_socket, buffer, strlen(buffer), 0);\n        }\n\n        // Clear buffer for next command\n        memset(buffer, 0, BUFFER_SIZE);\n    }\n\n    // Close client socket\n    close(client_socket);\n    pthread_exit(NULL);\n}\n\n// Function to handle NM commands (if any)\nvoid *nm_handler(void *arg) {\n    // Implementation depends on interaction with NM\n    // For now, this function can be a placeholder\n    return NULL;\n}\n\nint main(int argc, char *argv[]) {\n    int ss_socket_fd;\n    struct sockaddr_in ss_addr;\n    pthread_t client_thread;\n    int ss_port = 0;\n    int opt;\n    char *nm_ip = NULL;\n    int nm_port = 0;\n\n    if (argc < 5) {\n        printf(\"Usage: %s -n <NM IP> -p <NM Port> [accessible paths...]\\n\", argv[0]);\n        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n    }\n\n    // Parse command-line arguments\n    while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, \"n:p:\")) != -1) {\n        switch (opt) {\n            case 'n':\n                nm_ip = optarg;\n                break;\n            case 'p':\n                nm_port = atoi(optarg);\n                break;\n            default:\n                fprintf(stderr, \"Usage: %s -n <NM IP> -p <NM Port> [accessible paths...]\\n\", argv[0]);\n                exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n        }\n    }\n\n    // Store accessible paths\n    for (int i = optind; i < argc && num_paths < MAX_PATHS; i++) {\n        strncpy(accessible_paths[num_paths++].path, argv[i], MAX_LENGTH);\n    }\n\n    // Create socket for client communication\n    ss_socket_fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);\n    if (ss_socket_fd == -1) {\n        perror(\"Socket creation failed\");\n        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n    }\n\n    // Allow address reuse\n    int optval = 1;\n    setsockopt(ss_socket_fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &optval, sizeof(optval));\n\n    ss_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;\n    ss_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;\n    ss_addr.sin_port = htons(0);  // Let OS assign port\n\n    if (bind(ss_socket_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&ss_addr, sizeof(ss_addr)) < 0) {\n        perror(\"Bind failed\");\n        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n    }\n\n    // Get the assigned port\n    socklen_t addrlen = sizeof(ss_addr);\n    if (getsockname(ss_socket_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&ss_addr, &addrlen) == -1) {\n        perror(\"getsockname failed\");\n        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n    }\n    ss_port = ntohs(ss_addr.sin_port);\n\n    if (listen(ss_socket_fd, SOMAXCONN) < 0) {\n        perror(\"Listen failed\");\n        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n    }\n\n    printf(\"Storage Server listening on port %d\\n\", ss_port);\n\n    // Register with NM\n    register_with_nm(nm_ip, nm_port, ss_port);\n\n    // Main loop to accept client connections\n    while (1) {\n        int *new_socket = malloc(sizeof(int));\n        struct sockaddr_in client_addr;\n        socklen_t client_len = sizeof(client_addr);\n\n        *new_socket = accept(ss_socket_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&client_addr, &client_len);\n        if (*new_socket < 0) {\n            perror(\"Accept failed\");\n            free(new_socket);\n            continue;\n        }\n\n        // Create a new thread for each client request\n        pthread_t thread_id;\n        if (pthread_create(&thread_id, NULL, handle_client, (void *)new_socket) != 0) {\n            perror(\"Could not create thread\");\n            close(*new_socket);\n            free(new_socket);\n            continue;\n        }\n\n        // Detach the thread to handle its own resources\n        pthread_detach(thread_id);\n    }\n\n    // Close server socket\n    close(ss_socket_fd);\n\n    return 0;\n}\n```\n\n**Explanation:**\n\n- **Persistent Server Loop:** The storage server continuously listens for incoming client connections and handles them in separate threads. This ensures that the server remains available for multiple client commands.\n\n- **Thread per Client:** Each client connection is serviced by a dedicated thread (`handle_client` function), allowing for concurrent handling of multiple client requests.\n\n- **Accessible Paths Verification:** Before processing any client request, the server checks if the requested path is within the accessible paths specified during startup.\n\n- **Command Handling:**\n\n  - **READ:** Sends the contents of the requested file to the client.\n  - **WRITE:** Receives data from the client and writes it to the specified file.\n  - **INFO:** Provides file size and permissions.\n  - **STREAM:** Streams binary data of a file (suitable for audio files).\n  - **COPY and DELETE (Can be added as per requirements):** The current implementation focuses on client requests. Server commands from the Naming Server (such as `CREATE`, `DELETE`, `COPY`) can be implemented similarly in a function dedicated to handling NM commands.\n\n- **Error Handling:** Provides appropriate error messages if the requested path is not accessible or if any operation fails.\n\n- **Resource Management:** Ensures sockets and file descriptors are properly closed. Threads are detached to clean up resources automatically upon completion.\n\n- **Registration with Naming Server (NM):** The storage server registers itself with the NM, sending its IP address, port number, and accessible paths.\n\n---\n\n### **Makefile**\n\nHere's the `Makefile` to compile your three files:\n\n```makefile\n# Makefile\n\nCC = gcc\nCFLAGS = -pthread -Wall -Wextra -g\n\nTARGETS = naming_server storage_server client\n\nall: $(TARGETS)\n\nnaming_server: naming_server.c\n\t$(CC) $(CFLAGS) naming_server.c -o naming_server\n\nstorage_server: storage_server.c\n\t$(CC) $(CFLAGS) storage_server.c -o storage_server\n\nclient: client.c\n\t$(CC) $(CFLAGS) client.c -o client\n\nclean:\n\trm -f $(TARGETS)\n```\n\n**Explanation:**\n\n- **Compiler Flags:**\n  - `-pthread`: Enables multi-threading support.\n  - `-Wall -Wextra`: Enables all compiler warnings for better code quality.\n  - `-g`: Includes debugging information (useful during development).\n\n- **Targets:**\n  - `naming_server`: Compiles `naming_server.c`.\n  - `storage_server`: Compiles `storage_server.c`.\n  - `client`: Compiles `client.c`.\n\n- **`clean` Target:** Removes the executable files.\n\n---\n\n### **Commands to Test Your Code**\n\nAssuming your current working directory contains the compiled executables `naming_server`, `storage_server`, and `client`.\n\n**Step 1: Start the Naming Server**\n\n```bash\n./naming_server\n```\n\n- The naming server will start and display the port it's listening on (e.g., `Port: 5000`).\n- Note down the port number; you'll need it for the storage server and client.\n\n**Step 2: Start the Storage Server**\n\nProvide the Naming Server's IP and port, and one or more accessible paths.\n\n```bash\n./storage_server -n 127.0.0.1 -p <NM_PORT> /path/to/accessible_directory\n```\n\n- Replace `<NM_PORT>` with the port number displayed by the naming server.\n- Replace `/path/to/accessible_directory` with the directory you want to make accessible.\n\nExample:\n\n```bash\n./storage_server -n 127.0.0.1 -p 5000 ./storage_data\n```\n\n- The storage server will display its listening port (e.g., `Storage Server listening on port 6000`).\n- The storage server registers itself with the naming server.\n\n**Step 3: Start the Client**\n\nProvide the Naming Server's IP and port.\n\n```bash\n./client -n 127.0.0.1 -p <NM_PORT>\n```\n\n- Replace `<NM_PORT>` with the port number displayed by the naming server.\n\n**Step 4: Perform Client Operations**\n\nAt the client prompt (assuming your client program accepts commands interactively):\n\n- **READ Operation:**\n\n  ```\n  READ /path/to/file.txt\n  ```\n\n  - Replace `/path/to/file.txt` with a file within the accessible directory provided to the storage server.\n  - The client should receive and display the contents of the file.\n\n- **WRITE Operation:**\n\n  ```\n  WRITE /path/to/newfile.txt\n  ```\n\n  - The client should then send data to be written to the file.\n  - Ensure that `/path/to/newfile.txt` is within the accessible directory.\n\n- **INFO Operation:**\n\n  ```\n  INFO /path/to/file.txt\n  ```\n\n  - The client should receive file size and permissions.\n\n- **STREAM Operation:**\n\n  ```\n  STREAM /path/to/audio.mp3\n  ```\n\n  - The client should receive binary data of the audio file.\n  - You can pipe this data into a music player that supports streaming from stdin.\n\n**Sample Commands:**\n\n```bash\n# At the client's interactive prompt\n\nREAD ./storage_data/example.txt\n\nWRITE ./storage_data/newfile.txt\n# Then enter the content to write, possibly ending with a special delimiter.\n\nINFO ./storage_data/example.txt\n\nSTREAM ./storage_data/song.mp3\n```\n\n**Note:** The client implementation should match the expected protocol, sending commands as per the storage server's expectations.\n\n**Step 5: Observing the Outputs**\n\n- **Storage Server Output:** Should print messages about accepting client connections and processing requests.\n- **Client Output:** Should display or handle the data received from the storage server.\n- **Naming Server Output:** Should log registrations from storage servers and relay client requests to appropriate servers.\n\n---\n\n**Testing Tips:**\n\n- Make sure the accessible paths exist and have appropriate read/write permissions.\n- If you're testing on localhost (`127.0.0.1`), ensure that all components (naming server, storage server, client) can communicate without firewall issues.\n- Use different terminal windows or tabs to run each component so you can monitor their outputs simultaneously.\n- If you encounter any issues, use debugging statements or check for errors printed by each component.\n\n---\n\nBy rewriting the `storage_server.c` as above, you should have a fully functioning storage server that stays available after servicing a client, handles multiple client commands, and integrates seamlessly with your naming server.\n\nLet me know if you need further assistance or modifications.",
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          "value": "**\n\n### **a. Accept the ID as a Command-Line Argument**\n\nUpdate the `main` function to parse the `ID` from the command line.\n\n**Changes in `main` function:**\n\n```c\nint main(int argc, char *argv[]) {\n    int ss_socket_fd;\n    struct sockaddr_in ss_addr;\n    pthread_t client_thread;\n    int ss_port = 0;\n    int opt;\n    char *nm_ip = NULL;\n    int nm_port = 0;\n    char *server_id = NULL;  // Add this variable to store the ID\n\n    if (argc < 6) {\n        printf(\"Usage: %s <ID> -n <NM IP> -p <NM Port> [accessible paths...]\\n\", argv[0]);\n        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n    }\n\n    // Get the ID\n    server_id = argv[1];\n\n    // Parse command-line arguments\n    while ((opt = getopt(argc - 1, argv + 1, \"n:p:\")) != -1) {\n        switch (opt) {\n            case 'n':\n                nm_ip = optarg;\n                break;\n            case 'p':\n                nm_port = atoi(optarg);\n                break;\n            default:\n                fprintf(stderr, \"Usage: %s <ID> -n <NM IP> -p <NM Port> [accessible paths...]\\n\", argv[0]);\n                exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n        }\n    }\n\n    // Store accessible paths\n    for (int i = optind + 1; i < argc && num_paths < MAX_PATHS; i++) {\n        strncpy(accessible_paths[num_paths++].path, argv[i], MAX_LENGTH);\n    }\n\n    // Continue with the rest of the code...\n```\n\n**Explanation:**\n\n- Adjusted `argc` check to `argc < 6` since we now have an additional `ID` parameter.\n- Stored the `ID` from `argv[1]`.\n- Adjusted `optind` in the parsing loop due to the added `ID` argument.\n\n### **b. Include the ID when Registering with the Naming Server**\n\nModify the `register_with_nm` function to include the `ID` in the registration message.\n\n**Modify the function signature and call:**\n\n```c\n// Function prototype\nvoid register_with_nm(char *nm_ip, int nm_port, int ss_ip_port, const char *server_id);\n\n// Update the call in main\nregister_with_nm(nm_ip, nm_port, ss_port, server_id);\n```\n\n**Modify the `register_with_nm` function:**\n\n```c\nvoid register_with_nm(char *nm_ip, int nm_port, int ss_ip_port, const char *server_id) {\n    int sock_fd;\n    struct sockaddr_in nm_addr;\n    char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];\n    char local_ip[NI_MAXHOST];\n\n    // Get local IP\n    get_local_ip(local_ip);\n\n    // Create socket\n    // ... (rest of socket setup code)\n\n    // Send registration message with ID\n    snprintf(buffer, BUFFER_SIZE, \"REGISTER %s %d %s\", local_ip, ss_ip_port, server_id);\n    if (send(sock_fd, buffer, strlen(buffer), 0) <= 0) {\n        perror(\"Send REGISTER failed\");\n        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n    }\n\n    // Send accessible paths as before\n    // ... (rest of the function)\n}\n```\n\n**Explanation:**\n\n- Added `const char *server_id` parameter to the function.\n- Updated the registration message to include the `ID` at the end.\n- Format: `\"REGISTER <IP> <PORT> <ID>\"`\n\n---\n\n## **2. Modifying `naming_server.c`**\n\n### **a. Update Data Structures to Store Server IDs**\n\nModify the `StorageServerInfo` structure to include an `id` field.\n\n```c\ntypedef struct StorageServerInfo {\n    char ip[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];\n    int client_port;  // Port for client communication\n    int ss_socket;    // Socket descriptor for NM-SS communication\n    int nm_port;\n    char id[50];      // Add this field to store the server ID\n} StorageServerInfo;\n```\n\n### **b. Update Registration Handling to Receive and Store the ID**\n\nWhen the Naming Server receives a `REGISTER` message, parse the `ID` and store it.\n\n**Locate the code where `REGISTER` messages are handled:**\n\nAssuming you have a function or code block that processes incoming messages, particularly registration:\n\n```c\n// Inside the function that handles incoming messages\nif (strncmp(buffer, \"REGISTER\", 8) == 0) {\n    char ss_ip[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];\n    int ss_port;\n    char server_id[50];\n\n    // Parse the registration message\n    // Original format: \"REGISTER <IP> <PORT>\"\n    // New format: \"REGISTER <IP> <PORT> <ID>\"\n    sscanf(buffer, \"REGISTER %s %d %s\", ss_ip, &ss_port, server_id);\n\n    // Store the information\n    StorageServerInfo *ssi = &storage_servers_info[num_storage_servers_info++];\n    strncpy(ssi->ip, ss_ip, INET_ADDRSTRLEN);\n    ssi->client_port = ss_port;\n    strncpy(ssi->id, server_id, sizeof(ssi->id));\n\n    // Proceed to receive accessible paths and other details\n    // ...\n}\n```\n\n**Explanation:**\n\n- Adjusted `sscanf` to parse the `ID` from the registration message.\n- Stored the `ID` in the `StorageServerInfo` structure.\n\n### **c. Use Server IDs for Identification**\n\nWhenever you need to reference a storage server, you can now use the `id` field.\n\nFor example, when printing server information or handling requests:\n\n```c\nvoid print_storage_servers() {\n    printf(\"Registered Storage Servers:\\n\");\n    for (int i = 0; i < num_storage_servers_info; i++) {\n        printf(\"ID: %s, IP: %s, Port: %d\\n\", storage_servers_info[i].id, storage_servers_info[i].ip, storage_servers_info[i].client_port);\n    }\n}\n```\n\n### **d. Adjust Any Functions That Interact with Storage Servers**\n\nEnsure that any function in `naming_server.c` that interacts with storage servers accounts for the `id`.\n\nFor example, when selecting a storage server based on some criteria, you might want to use the `id` for logging or identification.\n\n---\n\n## **3. Testing the Changes**\n\n### **a. Compile the Updated Code**\n\nUpdate your `Makefile` if necessary, then compile:\n\n```bash\nmake\n```\n\n### **b. Run the Naming Server**\n\n```bash\n./naming_server\n```\n\n### **c. Run Storage Servers with IDs**\n\nStart storage servers with unique IDs:\n\n```bash\n./storage_server SS1 -n 127.0.0.1 -p 5000 ./path1\n./storage_server SS2 -n 127.0.0.1 -p 5000 ./path2\n```\n\n### **d. Verify Registration**\n\nCheck the Naming Server output to see if the storage servers are registered with their IDs.\n\n---\n\n## **4. Summary of Changes**\n\n- **storage_server.c**:\n  - Modified `main` to accept `ID` as the first argument.\n  - Adjusted command-line parsing to accommodate the new argument.\n  - Updated `register_with_nm` to send the `ID` as part of the registration message.\n\n- **naming_server.c**:\n  - Added an `id` field to `StorageServerInfo`.\n  - Adjusted the registration handling code to parse and store the `ID`.\n  - Updated any relevant functions to utilize the `ID` for identification.\n\n---\n\n## **Complete Code Snippets**\n\n### **storage_server.c**\n\n```c\n// Include necessary headers\n\n// ... (Other code)\n\n// Update main function\nint main(int argc, char *argv[]) {\n    // ... (As shown above)\n}\n\n// Update register_with_nm function\nvoid register_with_nm(char *nm_ip, int nm_port, int ss_ip_port, const char *server_id) {\n    // ... (As shown above)\n}\n\n// ... (Rest of the code remains unchanged)\n```\n\n### **naming_server.c**\n\n```c\n// Include necessary headers\n\n// Update StorageServerInfo structure\ntypedef struct StorageServerInfo {\n    char ip[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];\n    int client_port;  // Port for client communication\n    int ss_socket;    // Socket descriptor for NM-SS communication\n    int nm_port;\n    char id[50];      // Storage server ID\n} StorageServerInfo;\n\n// ... (Other code)\n\n// In the function handling incoming messages or registrations\nvoid handle_storage_server_registration(int ss_socket) {\n    char buffer[MAX_LENGTH];\n    char ss_ip[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];\n    int ss_port;\n    char server_id[50];\n\n    // Receive registration message\n    recv(ss_socket, buffer, sizeof(buffer), 0);\n\n    if (strncmp(buffer, \"REGISTER\", 8) == 0) {\n        // Parse registration message\n        sscanf(buffer, \"REGISTER %s %d %s\", ss_ip, &ss_port, server_id);\n\n        // Store server info\n        StorageServerInfo *ssi = &storage_servers_info[num_storage_servers_info++];\n        strncpy(ssi->ip, ss_ip, INET_ADDRSTRLEN);\n        ssi->client_port = ss_port;\n        strncpy(ssi->id, server_id, sizeof(ssi->id));\n\n        // Proceed to receive accessible paths\n        // ...\n\n        printf(\"Storage Server Registered: ID=%s, IP=%s, PORT=%d\\n\", ssi->id, ssi->ip, ssi->client_port);\n    }\n\n    // ... (Rest of the function)\n}\n\n// ... (Rest of the code)\n```\n\n---\n\n## **Notes**\n\n- **Error Handling**: Ensure that all network operations check for errors and handle them appropriately.\n- **Thread Safety**: If your Naming Server handles multiple storage servers concurrently, make sure that shared data structures are protected using mutexes or other synchronization mechanisms.\n- **Consistency**: Ensure that both the storage server and naming server use the same protocol for communication, including message formats.\n\n---\n\n## **Example Usage**\n\nStart the naming server:\n\n```bash\n./naming_server\n```\n\nStart storage servers:\n\n```bash\n./storage_server SS1 -n 127.0.0.1 -p 5000 ./path/to/accessible_dir1\n./storage_server SS2 -n 127.0.0.1 -p 5000 ./path/to/accessible_dir2\n```\n\nThe naming server should output:\n\n```\nStorage Server Registered: ID=SS1, IP=..., PORT=...\nStorage Server Registered: ID=SS2, IP=..., PORT=...\n```\n\n---\n\nBy making these changes, you now have a system where each storage server is uniquely identified by an `ID`. This `ID` can be used by the Naming Server to manage storage servers more effectively, especially when dealing with tasks like replication, failover, or administrative operations.\n\nLet me know if you need further assistance or clarification on any of the steps.",
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        "text": "no, remember that i need to account for multiple storage servers connecting to the naming server, not just one. read through my initial prompts, as well as storage_server.c and make it so that i can account for multiple storage servers and identify them correctly",
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Reviewing Current Implementation**\n\nFrom your code snippets and descriptions, here's what we have:\n\n- **`storage_server.c`** handles client requests but seems to exit after handling a `READ` operation.\n\n- **`naming_server.c`** maintains a list of registered storage servers but may not correctly handle multiple storage servers with unique identifiers.\n\n---\n\n## **2. Modifying `storage_server.c`**\n\n### **a. Accepting a Unique ID**\n\nModify the `main` function to accept a unique ID as a command-line argument.\n\n**Changes in the `main` function:**\n\n```c\nint main(int argc, char *argv[]) {\n    int ss_socket_fd;\n    struct sockaddr_in ss_addr;\n    pthread_t client_thread;\n    int ss_port = 0;\n    char *nm_ip = NULL;\n    int nm_port = 0;\n    char *server_id = NULL;  // Add this to store the server ID\n\n    if (argc < 6) {\n        printf(\"Usage: %s <ID> -n <NM IP> -p <NM Port> [accessible paths...]\\n\", argv[0]);\n        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n    }\n\n    // Get the ID\n    server_id = argv[1];\n\n    // Parse command-line arguments (starting from argv[2])\n    int opt;\n    optind = 2; // Adjust optind because argv[0] is program name, argv[1] is ID\n\n    while ((opt = getopt(argc - 1, argv + 1, \"n:p:\")) != -1) {\n        switch (opt) {\n            case 'n':\n                nm_ip = optarg;\n                break;\n            case 'p':\n                nm_port = atoi(optarg);\n                break;\n            default:\n                fprintf(stderr, \"Usage: %s <ID> -n <NM IP> -p <NM Port> [accessible paths...]\\n\", argv[0]);\n                exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n        }\n    }\n\n    // Store accessible paths\n    for (int i = optind + 1; i < argc && num_paths < MAX_PATHS; i++) {\n        strncpy(accessible_paths[num_paths++].path, argv[i], MAX_LENGTH);\n    }\n\n    // Rest of the main function remains the same...\n    // Create socket, bind, listen, register with NM, etc.\n}\n```\n\n**Explanation:**\n\n- **Command-Line Parsing:**\n\n  - Adjusted `argc` and `argv` indices due to the additional `ID` argument.\n  - `optind` is set to `2` (`argv[2]`), as `argv[1]` is now the `ID`.\n\n- **Server ID:**\n\n  - Captured the `ID` from `argv[1]` and stored it in `server_id`.\n\n### **b. Including the ID in Registration**\n\nModify the `register_with_nm` function to include the `server_id` when registering with the naming server.\n\n**Modify Function Signature:**\n\n```c\nvoid register_with_nm(char *nm_ip, int nm_port, int ss_ip_port, const char *server_id);\n```\n\n**Update Call in `main`:**\n\n```c\nregister_with_nm(nm_ip, nm_port, ss_port, server_id);\n```\n\n**Modify `register_with_nm` Function:**\n\n```c\nvoid register_with_nm(char *nm_ip, int nm_port, int ss_ip_port, const char *server_id) {\n    int sock_fd;\n    struct sockaddr_in nm_addr;\n    char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];\n    char local_ip[NI_MAXHOST];\n\n    // Get local IP\n    get_local_ip(local_ip);\n\n    // Create socket\n    sock_fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);\n    if (sock_fd == -1) {\n        perror(\"Socket creation failed\");\n        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n    }\n\n    nm_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;\n    nm_addr.sin_port = htons(nm_port);\n    if (inet_pton(AF_INET, nm_ip, &nm_addr.sin_addr) <= 0) {\n        perror(\"Invalid NM address\");\n        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n    }\n\n    // Connect to NM\n    if (connect(sock_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&nm_addr, sizeof(nm_addr)) < 0) {\n        perror(\"Connection to NM failed\");\n        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n    }\n\n    // Send registration message with ID\n    snprintf(buffer, BUFFER_SIZE, \"REGISTER %s %d %s\", local_ip, ss_ip_port, server_id);\n    if (send(sock_fd, buffer, strlen(buffer), 0) <= 0) {\n        perror(\"Send REGISTER failed\");\n        close(sock_fd);\n        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n    }\n\n    // Send accessible paths\n    for (int i = 0; i < num_paths; i++) {\n        memset(buffer, 0, BUFFER_SIZE);\n        snprintf(buffer, BUFFER_SIZE, \"PATH %s\", accessible_paths[i].path);\n        if (send(sock_fd, buffer, strlen(buffer), 0) <= 0) {\n            perror(\"Send PATH failed\");\n            close(sock_fd);\n            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n        }\n    }\n\n    // Send \"END\" message\n    memset(buffer, 0, BUFFER_SIZE);\n    strcpy(buffer, \"END\");\n    if (send(sock_fd, buffer, strlen(buffer), 0) <= 0) {\n        perror(\"Send END failed\");\n        close(sock_fd);\n        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n    }\n\n    // Close the socket\n    close(sock_fd);\n}\n```\n\n**Explanation:**\n\n- Included `const char *server_id` in the function parameters.\n- Updated the `REGISTER` message to include the `server_id`.\n\n  - Format: `\"REGISTER <IP> <PORT> <ID>\"`\n\n### **c. Ensuring Server Remains Available**\n\nEnsure that the storage server remains running and available for multiple client commands.\n\n- The previous code already runs an infinite loop accepting client connections and handles each client in a separate thread.\n\n- Ensure that after handling a client request, the server thread exits but the main server loop continues.\n\n---\n\n## **3. Modifying ",
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          "value": "**\n\n### **a. Updating Data Structures**\n\nModify the `StorageServerInfo` structure to store the `id` of each storage server.\n\n```c\ntypedef struct StorageServerInfo {\n    char ip[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];\n    int client_port;        // Port for client communication\n    int ss_socket;          // Socket descriptor for NM-SS communication (if used)\n    char id[50];            // Unique ID for the storage server\n    // Add other fields as necessary\n} StorageServerInfo;\n```\n\n**Explanation:**\n\n- Added a new `id` field to store the unique identifier.\n\n### **b. Handling Multiple Storage Server Registrations**\n\nUpdate the code that handles registrations to process multiple storage servers and store their information correctly.\n\n**In the Function Handling Incoming Registrations:**\n\n```c\nvoid handle_storage_server_registration(int ss_socket) {\n    char buffer[MAX_LENGTH];\n    char ss_ip[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];\n    int ss_port;\n    char server_id[50];\n\n    // Receive registration message\n    int bytes_received = recv(ss_socket, buffer, sizeof(buffer) - 1, 0);\n    if (bytes_received <= 0) {\n        perror(\"Receive failed\");\n        close(ss_socket);\n        return;\n    }\n    buffer[bytes_received] = '\\0';\n\n    if (strncmp(buffer, \"REGISTER\", 8) == 0) {\n        // Parse the registration message\n        // Expected format: \"REGISTER <IP> <PORT> <ID>\"\n        sscanf(buffer, \"REGISTER %s %d %s\", ss_ip, &ss_port, server_id);\n\n        // Store the information\n        StorageServerInfo *ssi = &storage_servers_info[num_storage_servers_info++];\n        strncpy(ssi->ip, ss_ip, INET_ADDRSTRLEN);\n        ssi->client_port = ss_port;\n        strncpy(ssi->id, server_id, sizeof(ssi->id));\n\n        // Receive accessible paths\n        while (1) {\n            bytes_received = recv(ss_socket, buffer, sizeof(buffer) - 1, 0);\n            if (bytes_received <= 0) {\n                perror(\"Receive failed\");\n                close(ss_socket);\n                return;\n            }\n            buffer[bytes_received] = '\\0';\n\n            if (strcmp(buffer, \"END\") == 0) {\n                break;\n            } else if (strncmp(buffer, \"PATH \", 5) == 0) {\n                // Store the accessible path\n                // Implementation depends on your data structures\n                // For example:\n                // add_accessible_path(ssi, buffer + 5);\n            } else {\n                // Handle unexpected messages\n                printf(\"Unexpected message from storage server: %s\\n\", buffer);\n            }\n        }\n\n        printf(\"Registered Storage Server ID: %s, IP: %s, Port: %d\\n\", ssi->id, ssi->ip, ssi->client_port);\n\n        // Close the registration socket as it's no longer needed\n        close(ss_socket);\n    } else {\n        printf(\"Invalid registration message: %s\\n\", buffer);\n        close(ss_socket);\n    }\n}\n```\n\n**Explanation:**\n\n- Adjusted the parsing to include the `id` received from the storage server.\n- Stored the `id` in the `StorageServerInfo` structure.\n- Handled multiple storage servers by incrementing `num_storage_servers_info` and storing each new server's info in the `storage_servers_info` array.\n\n### **c. Managing Multiple Storage Servers**\n\nEnsure that the naming server can handle multiple storage servers connecting concurrently.\n\n- **Use Mutexes for Shared Data:**\n\n  - If multiple threads are modifying `storage_servers_info` and `num_storage_servers_info`, protect them with mutexes.\n\n**Example:**\n\n```c\npthread_mutex_t storage_servers_mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;\n\nvoid handle_storage_server_registration(int ss_socket) {\n    // ... (same as before)\n\n    pthread_mutex_lock(&storage_servers_mutex);\n\n    // Store the information\n    StorageServerInfo *ssi = &storage_servers_info[num_storage_servers_info++];\n    // ... (copy data into ssi)\n\n    pthread_mutex_unlock(&storage_servers_mutex);\n\n    // ... (rest of the function)\n}\n```\n\n- **Consistently Access Storage Servers Information:**\n\n  - When accessing `storage_servers_info` elsewhere, ensure that mutexes are used to protect the shared data.\n\n### **d. Identifying Storage Servers by ID**\n\nWhen the naming server needs to identify or select a storage server, use the `id` field.\n\n**For Example, to Find a Storage Server by ID:**\n\n```c\nStorageServerInfo* find_storage_server_by_id(const char* server_id) {\n    pthread_mutex_lock(&storage_servers_mutex);\n    for (int i = 0; i < num_storage_servers_info; i++) {\n        if (strcmp(storage_servers_info[i].id, server_id) == 0) {\n            pthread_mutex_unlock(&storage_servers_mutex);\n            return &storage_servers_info[i];\n        }\n    }\n    pthread_mutex_unlock(&storage_servers_mutex);\n    return NULL; // Not found\n}\n```\n\n**Using the Function:**\n\n```c\nvoid some_function() {\n    char target_id[50] = \"SS1\";\n    StorageServerInfo* ssi = find_storage_server_by_id(target_id);\n    if (ssi != NULL) {\n        // Proceed with ssi\n    } else {\n        printf(\"Storage Server with ID %s not found.\\n\", target_id);\n    }\n}\n```\n\n---\n\n## **4. Ensuring Correct Functionality**\n\n- **Handling Client Requests:**\n\n  - When the naming server needs to direct a client to a storage server, it can select the appropriate storage server based on criteria (e.g., available paths, server load).\n\n- **Server Lists:**\n\n  - Keep an up-to-date list of active storage servers.\n  - Remove or mark servers as inactive if they disconnect or fail.\n\n- **Concurrency:**\n\n  - Use threading to handle multiple storage server registrations and client requests concurrently.\n  - Protect shared data structures with mutexes.\n\n---\n\n## **5. Testing the Implementation**\n\n### **a. Compile the Updated Programs**\n\nEnsure your `Makefile` is updated if necessary.\n\n```makefile\n# Makefile remains the same, assuming it compiles naming_server.c and storage_server.c\n```\n\nCompile:\n\n```bash\nmake\n```\n\n### **b. Start the Naming Server**\n\n```bash\n./naming_server\n```\n\n- The naming server should start and wait for storage server registrations and client connections.\n\n### **c. Start Multiple Storage Servers**\n\nStart storage servers with unique IDs and accessible paths.\n\n```bash\n./storage_server SS1 -n 127.0.0.1 -p <NM_PORT> /path/to/access1\n./storage_server SS2 -n 127.0.0.1 -p <NM_PORT> /path/to/access2\n./storage_server SS3 -n 127.0.0.1 -p <NM_PORT> /path/to/access3\n```\n\n- Replace `<NM_PORT>` with the port number your naming server is listening on.\n\n### **d. Observe Registrations**\n\nIn the naming server console, you should see output similar to:\n\n```\nRegistered Storage Server ID: SS1, IP: 127.0.0.1, Port: 6001\nRegistered Storage Server ID: SS2, IP: 127.0.0.1, Port: 6002\nRegistered Storage Server ID: SS3, IP: 127.0.0.1, Port: 6003\n```\n\n### **e. Test Client Interactions**\n\n- Develop or modify your `client.c` to request operations from the naming server.\n\n- The naming server should coordinate client requests with the appropriate storage server(s) based on the stored information.\n\n---\n\n## **6. Additional Considerations**\n\n### **a. Handling Storage Server Failures**\n\n- Implement heartbeat messages or periodic checks to confirm that storage servers are still active.\n\n- Remove or mark servers as inactive if they become unresponsive.\n\n### **b. Load Balancing**\n\n- If applicable, implement load balancing when assigning storage servers to client requests.\n\n### **c. Path Management**\n\n- Ensure that the naming server correctly maps requested paths to the storage servers that have registered those paths.\n\n- Update data structures to associate accessible paths with the corresponding storage server IDs.\n\n---\n\n## **7. Complete Code Updates**\n\n### **storage_server.c**\n\n```c\n// Include headers\n\n// Existing code...\n\nint main(int argc, char *argv[]) {\n    // Existing code...\n\n    // Get the ID\n    server_id = argv[1];\n\n    // Adjust optind and parse command-line arguments\n    // Existing code...\n\n    // Continue with the rest of the main function\n}\n\n// Modify register_with_nm function to include server_id\nvoid register_with_nm(char *nm_ip, int nm_port, int ss_ip_port, const char *server_id) {\n    // Existing code...\n}\n\n// The rest of the code remains largely the same\n```\n\n### **naming_server.c**\n\n```c\n// Include headers\n\n// Update StorageServerInfo struct\ntypedef struct StorageServerInfo {\n    char ip[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];\n    int client_port;\n    char id[50];\n    // Add other fields as necessary\n} StorageServerInfo;\n\n// Shared data and mutex\nStorageServerInfo storage_servers_info[MAX_STORAGE_SERVERS];\nint num_storage_servers_info = 0;\npthread_mutex_t storage_servers_mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;\n\n// Function to handle storage server registration\nvoid handle_storage_server_registration(int ss_socket) {\n    // Existing code with modifications as shown above\n}\n\n// Function to find a storage server by ID\nStorageServerInfo* find_storage_server_by_id(const char* server_id) {\n    // Code as shown above\n}\n\n// Rest of the code...\n```\n\n---\n\n## **8. Conclusion**\n\nBy making these modifications, you can now:\n\n- Accept multiple storage servers connecting to the naming server.\n- Each storage server has a unique identifier passed via command-line argument.\n- The naming server stores and manages multiple storage servers, correctly identifying them by their IDs.\n- The system is scalable and can handle additional storage servers as needed.\n\n---\n\nLet me know if you need any further assistance or clarification on any of these steps.",
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        "text": "no, re-implement my storage server identification from scratch, forget the characters, simply assign one integer, like 1,2 or 3 to each storage server as they connect and send this ID to the naming server to store. maybe try altering the StorageServerInfo struct to include ID if that would work? make the implementation as simple as possible. read through naming_server.c. tell me what modifications to make to both files storage_server.c and naming_server.c",
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          "value": " to accommodate this change.\n\n---\n\n## **Objectives**\n\n- **Storage Server Identification**: Assign a unique integer ID to each storage server.\n- **Simplified Implementation**: Pass the ID as a command-line argument when starting the storage server.\n- **Modify Data Structures**: Update the `StorageServerInfo` struct to include the ID.\n- **Minimal Changes**: Make as few changes as necessary to achieve the goal.\n\n---\n\n## **Modifications**\n\n### **1. Modify `StorageServerInfo` Struct in ",
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          "value": ":**\n\n```c\n// Include necessary headers\n// ... (existing includes)\n\n// Update StorageServerInfo struct\ntypedef struct StorageServerInfo {\n    int id;               // Storage server ID\n    char ip[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];\n    int client_port;      // Port for client communication\n    int ss_socket;        // Socket descriptor for NM-SS communication\n    int nm_port;\n    // Add other fields as necessary\n} StorageServerInfo;\n\n// Declare storage servers array and count\nStorageServerInfo storage_servers_info[MAX_STORAGE_SERVERS];\nint num_storage_servers_info = 0;\n\n// Function to handle storage server registrations\nvoid handle_storage_server_registration(int ss_socket) {\n    char buffer[MAX_LENGTH];\n    char ss_ip[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];\n    int ss_port;\n    int server_id;\n\n    // Receive registration message from storage server\n    int bytes_received = recv(ss_socket, buffer, sizeof(buffer) - 1, 0);\n    if (bytes_received <= 0) {\n        perror(\"Receive failed\");\n        close(ss_socket);\n        return;\n    }\n    buffer[bytes_received] = '\\0';\n\n    if (strncmp(buffer, \"REGISTER\", 8) == 0) {\n        // Parse the registration message\n        // Expected format: \"REGISTER <IP> <PORT> <ID>\"\n        sscanf(buffer, \"REGISTER %s %d %d\", ss_ip, &ss_port, &server_id);\n\n        // Store the information\n        StorageServerInfo *ssi = &storage_servers_info[num_storage_servers_info++];\n        ssi->id = server_id;\n        strncpy(ssi->ip, ss_ip, INET_ADDRSTRLEN);\n        ssi->client_port = ss_port;\n\n        // Receive accessible paths\n        while (1) {\n            bytes_received = recv(ss_socket, buffer, sizeof(buffer) - 1, 0);\n            if (bytes_received <= 0) {\n                perror(\"Receive failed\");\n                close(ss_socket);\n                return;\n            }\n            buffer[bytes_received] = '\\0';\n\n            if (strcmp(buffer, \"END\") == 0) {\n                break;\n            } else if (strncmp(buffer, \"PATH \", 5) == 0) {\n                // Store the accessible path\n                // Implementation depends on your data structures\n                // For example:\n                // add_accessible_path(ssi, buffer + 5);\n            } else {\n                // Handle unexpected messages\n                printf(\"Unexpected message from storage server: %s\\n\", buffer);\n            }\n        }\n\n        printf(\"Registered Storage Server ID: %d, IP: %s, Port: %d\\n\", ssi->id, ssi->ip, ssi->client_port);\n\n        // Close the socket used for registration\n        close(ss_socket);\n    } else {\n        printf(\"Invalid registration message: %s\\n\", buffer);\n        close(ss_socket);\n    }\n}\n```\n\n**Explanation:**\n\n- **Parsing the ID:**\n  - Used `sscanf` to parse the `server_id` from the registration message: `\"REGISTER <IP> <PORT> <ID>\"`.\n  - The `server_id` is stored as an integer in the `StorageServerInfo` struct.\n\n- **Storing the ID:**\n  - Assigned `ssi->id = server_id;` to store the ID in the data structure.\n\n- **Printing Confirmation:**\n  - When a storage server is registered, the naming server prints the ID along with IP and port.\n\n---\n\n### **4. Ensure Correct Functionality with Multiple Storage Servers**\n\nBy making these changes, you can now start multiple storage servers, each with a unique integer ID, and the naming server will correctly store and manage them.\n\n**Usage Example:**\n\n- **Start the Naming Server:**\n\n  ```bash\n  ./naming_server\n  ```\n\n- **Start Storage Servers:**\n\n  ```bash\n  ./storage_server 1 -n 127.0.0.1 -p <NM_PORT> /path/to/access1\n  ./storage_server 2 -n 127.0.0.1 -p <NM_PORT> /path/to/access2\n  ./storage_server 3 -n 127.0.0.1 -p <NM_PORT> /path/to/access3\n  ```\n\n  Replace `<NM_PORT>` with the port number printed by the naming server when it starts. For example, if the naming server prints `Port: 5000`, use `-p 5000`.\n\n- **Verify Registration on Naming Server:**\n\n  The naming server should output:\n\n  ```\n  Registered Storage Server ID: 1, IP: <IP>, Port: <Port>\n  Registered Storage Server ID: 2, IP: <IP>, Port: <Port>\n  Registered Storage Server ID: 3, IP: <IP>, Port: <Port>\n  ```\n\n---\n\n## **Summary of Modifications**\n\n**1. `StorageServerInfo` Struct in ",
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          "value": ".\n\n**Makefile Example:**\n\n```makefile\nCC = gcc\nCFLAGS = -pthread -Wall -Wextra -g\n\nall: storage_server naming_server\n\nstorage_server: storage_server.c\n    $(CC) $(CFLAGS) storage_server.c -o storage_server\n\nnaming_server: naming_server.c\n    $(CC) $(CFLAGS) naming_server.c -o naming_server\n\nclean:\n    rm -f storage_server naming_server\n```\n\nRun:\n\n```bash\nmake\n```\n\n**Step 2: Start the Naming Server**\n\n```bash\n./naming_server\n```\n\nNote the port number it prints. For example:\n\n```\nPort: 5000\n```\n\n**Step 3: Start Storage Servers with IDs**\n\n```bash\n./storage_server 1 -n 127.0.0.1 -p 5000 /path/for/server1\n./storage_server 2 -n 127.0.0.1 -p 5000 /path/for/server2\n./storage_server 3 -n 127.0.0.1 -p 5000 /path/for/server3\n```\n\n**Step 4: Observe Naming Server Output**\n\nThe naming server should print something like:\n\n```\nRegistered Storage Server ID: 1, IP: 127.0.0.1, Port: 6001\nRegistered Storage Server ID: 2, IP: 127.0.0.1, Port: 6002\nRegistered Storage Server ID: 3, IP: 127.0.0.1, Port: 6003\n```\n\n**Step 5: Test Client Interaction**\n\nAssuming you have a client application that interacts with the naming server and storage servers, you can proceed to test client requests to ensure the naming server correctly identifies and communicates with the storage servers.\n\n---\n\n## **Possible Additional Modifications**\n\n- **Handling Storage Servers with the Same ID:**\n\n  - To ensure uniqueness, it's important that each storage server uses a unique ID.\n  - The naming server can check for duplicate IDs during registration.\n\n  **Example:**\n\n  ```c\n  // Before adding the new storage server info\n  for (int i = 0; i < num_storage_servers_info; i++) {\n      if (storage_servers_info[i].id == server_id) {\n          printf(\"Storage Server with ID %d already registered.\\n\", server_id);\n          close(ss_socket);\n          return;\n      }\n  }\n  // Proceed to add the new storage server\n  ```\n\n- **Error Handling:**\n\n  - Ensure that both `storage_server.c` and ",
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          "value": ":**\n\n   ```bash\n   gcc -pthread -o storage_server storage_server.c\n   ```\n\n2. **Run the Storage Server with Accessible Paths:**\n\n   Provide at least one accessible path; otherwise, `argc` might be less than expected.\n\n   ```bash\n   ./storage_server 1 -n 172.20.128.61 -p 56839 /path/to/accessible_dir\n   ```\n\n3. **Verify the Output:**\n\n   The storage server should start without a segmentation fault and attempt to register with the naming server.\n\n### **Additional Debugging Tips**\n\n- **Print Variables:** Before using critical variables, print them to ensure they are correctly set.\n\n  ```c\n  printf(\"Server ID: %d\\n\", server_id);\n  printf(\"Naming Server IP: %s\\n\", nm_ip);\n  printf(\"Naming Server Port: %d\\n\", nm_port);\n  ```\n\n- **Check Return Values:** Ensure all functions that return values (e.g., `socket`, `connect`, `send`, `recv`) are checked for errors.\n\n- **Use Debuggers:**\n  - **GDB:**\n\n    Run your program with `gdb` to find where it crashes.\n\n    ```bash\n    gdb ./storage_server\n    (gdb) run 1 -n 172.20.128.61 -p 56839 /path/to/accessible_dir\n    ```\n\n    When it crashes, use the `backtrace` command:\n\n    ```bash\n    (gdb) backtrace\n    ```\n\n  - **Valgrind:**\n\n    Use Valgrind to detect memory errors.\n\n    ```bash\n    valgrind ./storage_server 1 -n 172.20.128.61 -p 56839 /path/to/accessible_dir\n    ```\n\n### **Conclusion**\n\nBy correcting the command-line argument parsing in ",
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        "text": "modify the \"READ\" and \"WRITE\" else if conditions in client_handle to keep sending packets until the entire message is complete. i don't want just 1024 bytes to be written or read. go through the instructions again:\nReading, Writing, Retrieving Information about Files and Streaming Audio:\nClient Request: Clients can initiate file-related operations such as reading, writing, obtaining information or streaming audio files by providing the file’s path. The NM, upon receiving the request, takes on the responsibility of locating the correct SS where the file is stored.\nNM Facilitation: The NM identifies the correct Storage Server and returns the precise IP address and client port for that SS to the client.\nDirect Communication: Subsequently, the client directly communicates with the designated SS. This direct communication is established, and the client continuously receives information packets from the SS until a predefined “STOP” packet is sent or a specified condition for task completion is met. The “STOP” packet serves as a signal to conclude the operation.",
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            "text": "modify the \"READ\" and \"WRITE\" else if conditions in client_handle to keep sending packets until the entire message is complete. i don't want just 1024 bytes to be written or read. go through the instructions again:\nReading, Writing, Retrieving Information about Files and Streaming Audio:\nClient Request: Clients can initiate file-related operations such as reading, writing, obtaining information or streaming audio files by providing the file’s path. The NM, upon receiving the request, takes on the responsibility of locating the correct SS where the file is stored.\nNM Facilitation: The NM identifies the correct Storage Server and returns the precise IP address and client port for that SS to the client.\nDirect Communication: Subsequently, the client directly communicates with the designated SS. This direct communication is established, and the client continuously receives information packets from the SS until a predefined “STOP” packet is sent or a specified condition for task completion is met. The “STOP” packet serves as a signal to conclude the operation.",
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          "value": " to handle continuous data transmission until the entire file is read or written, we'll implement the following:\n\n- **For the \"READ\" operation:**\n  - The server will read the requested file and send its contents in chunks until the entire file is transmitted.\n  - A \"STOP\" packet or a specific condition (like zero bytes sent) will indicate the end of the transmission.\n\n- **For the \"WRITE\" operation:**\n  - The server will receive data from the client in chunks and write it to the specified file until the client signals completion.\n\n---\n\n### **Modifying the \"READ\" Operation**\n\n**Original Code Snippet (For Reference):**\n\n```c\nif (strncmp(buffer, \"READ\", 4) == 0) {\n    // Send file content\n    char path[MAX_LENGTH];\n    sscanf(buffer + 5, \"%s\", path);\n    FILE *fp = fopen(path, \"r\");\n    if (fp) {\n        while (fgets(buffer, BUFFER_SIZE, fp)) {\n            send(new_socket, buffer, strlen(buffer), 0);\n        }\n        fclose(fp);\n    }\n}\n```\n\n**Modified Code:**\n\n```c\nelse if (strncmp(buffer, \"READ\", 4) == 0) {\n    // Send file content until EOF\n    char path[MAX_LENGTH];\n    sscanf(buffer + 5, \"%s\", path);\n\n    FILE *fp = fopen(path, \"rb\");\n    if (fp) {\n        char file_buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];\n        size_t bytes_read;\n\n        while ((bytes_read = fread(file_buffer, 1, BUFFER_SIZE, fp)) > 0) {\n            if (send(new_socket, file_buffer, bytes_read, 0) != bytes_read) {\n                perror(\"Send error\");\n                break;\n            }\n        }\n        fclose(fp);\n\n        // Send \"STOP\" packet to indicate end of transmission\n        strcpy(file_buffer, \"STOP\");\n        send(new_socket, file_buffer, strlen(file_buffer), 0);\n    } else {\n        perror(\"File open error\");\n        // Send error message to client\n        strcpy(buffer, \"ERROR: Cannot open file\\n\");\n        send(new_socket, buffer, strlen(buffer), 0);\n    }\n}\n```\n\n**Explanation:**\n\n- **Binary Mode (`\"rb\"`):** Open the file in binary read mode to handle all file types, including text and binary files.\n- **Continuous Reading and Sending:**\n  - Read the file in chunks using `fread`.\n  - Send each chunk to the client immediately after reading.\n- **End of Transmission Indicator:**\n  - After the entire file is sent, send a \"STOP\" packet to signal the client that the transmission is complete.\n\n---\n\n### **Modifying the \"WRITE\" Operation**\n\n**Original Code Snippet (For Reference):**\n\n```c\n} else if (strncmp(buffer, \"WRITE\", 5) == 0) {\n    // Receive and write data to file\n    char path[MAX_LENGTH];\n    sscanf(buffer + 6, \"%s\", path);\n    FILE *fp = fopen(path, \"w\");\n    if (fp) {\n        bzero(buffer, BUFFER_SIZE);\n        read(new_socket, buffer, BUFFER_SIZE);\n        printf(\"Writing %s to file: %s\\n\", buffer, path);\n        fprintf(fp, \"%s\", buffer);\n        fclose(fp);\n        send_data(new_socket, \"Write Completed\", 14);\n    } else {\n        printf(\"Error opening file\\n\");\n    }\n}\n```\n\n**Modified Code:**\n\n```c\nelse if (strncmp(buffer, \"WRITE\", 5) == 0) {\n    // Receive data from client and write to file until \"STOP\" is received\n    char path[MAX_LENGTH];\n    sscanf(buffer + 6, \"%s\", path);\n\n    FILE *fp = fopen(path, \"wb\");\n    if (fp) {\n        char file_buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];\n        ssize_t bytes_received;\n\n        while (1) {\n            bytes_received = recv(new_socket, file_buffer, BUFFER_SIZE, 0);\n            if (bytes_received < 0) {\n                perror(\"Receive error\");\n                break;\n            } else if (bytes_received == 0) {\n                // Connection closed by client\n                break;\n            } else {\n                // Check for \"STOP\" packet\n                if (bytes_received == 4 && strncmp(file_buffer, \"STOP\", 4) == 0) {\n                    printf(\"Received STOP packet. File transfer complete.\\n\");\n                    break;\n                }\n                // Write data to file\n                fwrite(file_buffer, 1, bytes_received, fp);\n            }\n        }\n        fclose(fp);\n        // Send acknowledgement to client\n        strcpy(file_buffer, \"Write Completed\\n\");\n        send(new_socket, file_buffer, strlen(file_buffer), 0);\n    } else {\n        perror(\"File open error\");\n        // Send error message to client\n        strcpy(buffer, \"ERROR: Cannot open file\\n\");\n        send(new_socket, buffer, strlen(buffer), 0);\n    }\n}\n```\n\n**Explanation:**\n\n- **Binary Mode (`\"wb\"`):** Open the file in binary write mode to handle all file types.\n- **Continuous Receiving and Writing:**\n  - Continuously receive data from the client using `recv`.\n  - Write each received chunk to the file using `fwrite`.\n- **End of Transmission Detection:**\n  - The server looks for a \"STOP\" packet sent by the client to know when the transfer is complete.\n  - If a \"STOP\" packet is detected, the server breaks out of the loop.\n- **Acknowledgement:**\n  - After successfully writing the data and receiving the \"STOP\" signal, the server sends an acknowledgement to the client.\n\n---\n\n### **Client-Side Modifications**\n\nTo ensure proper communication, the client should also be modified to:\n\n- **For \"READ\":** Receive data from the server until it detects the \"STOP\" packet.\n- **For \"WRITE\":** Send the file data in chunks to the server, followed by a \"STOP\" packet to signal the end of the transmission.\n\n**Example Client Code for \"READ\":**\n\n```c\nvoid handle_read(int socket_fd, const char *path) {\n    char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];\n    FILE *fp = fopen(path, \"wb\"); // Save the received file\n    if (!fp) {\n        perror(\"File open error on client\");\n        return;\n    }\n\n    while (1) {\n        ssize_t bytes_received = recv(socket_fd, buffer, BUFFER_SIZE, 0);\n        if (bytes_received <= 0) {\n            perror(\"Receive error on client\");\n            break;\n        }\n        // Check for \"STOP\" packet\n        if (bytes_received == 4 && strncmp(buffer, \"STOP\", 4) == 0) {\n            printf(\"Received STOP packet. File download complete.\\n\");\n            break;\n        }\n        // Write data to file\n        fwrite(buffer, 1, bytes_received, fp);\n    }\n    fclose(fp);\n}\n```\n\n**Example Client Code for \"WRITE\":**\n\n```c\nvoid handle_write(int socket_fd, const char *path) {\n    char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];\n    FILE *fp = fopen(path, \"rb\"); // Open the file to send\n    if (!fp) {\n        perror(\"File open error on client\");\n        return;\n    }\n\n    size_t bytes_read;\n    while ((bytes_read = fread(buffer, 1, BUFFER_SIZE, fp)) > 0) {\n        if (send(socket_fd, buffer, bytes_read, 0) != bytes_read) {\n            perror(\"Send error on client\");\n            break;\n        }\n    }\n    fclose(fp);\n\n    // Send \"STOP\" packet to indicate end of transmission\n    strcpy(buffer, \"STOP\");\n    send(socket_fd, buffer, strlen(buffer), 0);\n\n    // Receive acknowledgement from server\n    ssize_t bytes_received = recv(socket_fd, buffer, BUFFER_SIZE, 0);\n    if (bytes_received > 0) {\n        buffer[bytes_received] = '\\0';\n        printf(\"Server response: %s\\n\", buffer);\n    }\n}\n```\n\n---\n\n### **Key Points to Consider**\n\n- **Buffer Size:** Ensure that `BUFFER_SIZE` is set appropriately (e.g., `1024` or larger) to handle efficient data transfer.\n- **Error Handling:** Always check the return values of `recv`, `send`, `fread`, and `fwrite` for robust error handling.\n- **Endianness and Data Integrity:** For binary files, ensure that data is correctly handled across different system architectures.\n- **Non-Blocking I/O (Optional):** For better performance and responsiveness, consider using non-blocking sockets or implementing I/O multiplexing with `select` or `poll`.\n\n---\n\n### **Full Modified Code for `client_handle` Function in ",
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          "value": "**\n\n```c\nvoid *client_handle(void *arg) {\n    int new_socket = *(int *)arg;\n    free(arg);\n    char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];\n\n    while (1) {\n        memset(buffer, 0, BUFFER_SIZE);\n        ssize_t bytes_received = recv(new_socket, buffer, BUFFER_SIZE - 1, 0);\n        if (bytes_received <= 0) {\n            perror(\"Client disconnected or receive error\");\n            close(new_socket);\n            pthread_exit(NULL);\n        }\n        buffer[bytes_received] = '\\0';\n\n        if (strncmp(buffer, \"READ\", 4) == 0) {\n            // READ operation as modified above\n            // ...\n        } else if (strncmp(buffer, \"WRITE\", 5) == 0) {\n            // WRITE operation as modified above\n            // ...\n        } else if (strncmp(buffer, \"INFO\", 4) == 0) {\n            // Existing INFO implementation\n            // ...\n        } else if (strncmp(buffer, \"STREAM\", 6) == 0) {\n            // Existing STREAM implementation\n            // ...\n        } else {\n            // Handle invalid commands\n            strcpy(buffer, \"ERROR: Invalid command\\n\");\n            send(new_socket, buffer, strlen(buffer), 0);\n        }\n    }\n}\n```\n\n---\n\n### **Testing the Implementation**\n\n- **Start the Storage Server** and ensure it's listening and ready to accept client connections.\n- **Start the Client** and issue \"READ\" and \"WRITE\" commands:\n  - For \"READ,\" the client requests a file, and the server sends the entire file until the \"STOP\" packet is received.\n  - For \"WRITE,\" the client sends a file's data to the server, followed by a \"STOP\" packet to signal completion.\n- **Verify File Integrity:**\n  - Ensure the files received or written on both client and server sides are complete and uncorrupted.\n- **Monitor Network Traffic:**\n  - Use tools like Wireshark or `tcpdump` to observe the data packets being transmitted to ensure continuous data flow.\n\n---\n\n### **Conclusion**\n\nBy modifying the \"READ\" and \"WRITE\" operations to handle continuous data transmission with proper start and end signaling, you can ensure that entire files are correctly sent and received between the client and the storage server. Remember to apply similar logic on the client-side to handle the data appropriately.\n\nLet me know if you need further assistance or have any questions!",
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        "text": "this doesn't work for client.c either. you've changed too much of the original implementation. note that this is how read operation is supposed to look:\nExample 1\n\nClient : READ <path>\nNS looks for the given path in list of accessible paths. If found return IP and Port.\nNS (to client) : IP: 10.2.141.242 Port: 5050\nClient sends request to SS\nSS (to client) : OSN TA's are the best especially john.\n\nusing the EXACT code you gave me for storage_server.c, implement the handling on the client side for read and write as well.\n\n",
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            "text": "this doesn't work for client.c either. you've changed too much of the original implementation. note that this is how read operation is supposed to look:\nExample 1\n\nClient : READ <path>\nNS looks for the given path in list of accessible paths. If found return IP and Port.\nNS (to client) : IP: 10.2.141.242 Port: 5050\nClient sends request to SS\nSS (to client) : OSN TA's are the best especially john.\n\nusing the EXACT code you gave me for storage_server.c, implement the handling on the client side for read and write as well.\n\n",
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          "value": "Understood. I'll carefully read through your existing `storage_server.c`, especially focusing on the `READ` and `WRITE` operations, and implement the corresponding handling on the client side in ",
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          "value": ", using the **exact** code given in `storage_server.c`.\n\nI'll ensure that I don't change too much of the original client implementation, and that the client code works with your existing server code.\n\n---\n\n## **1. Review of `storage_server.c`'s `READ` and `WRITE` Operations**\n\n### **`READ` Operation in `storage_server.c`**\n\nFrom your code excerpt, the `READ` operation in `storage_server.c` appears to handle reading a file and sending its contents to the client.\n\nHere's the relevant code snippet:\n\n```c\nelse if (strncmp(buffer, \"READ\", 4) == 0) {\n    // Send file content until EOF\n    char path[MAX_LENGTH];\n    sscanf(buffer + 5, \"%s\", path);\n\n    FILE *fp = fopen(path, \"rb\");\n    if (fp) {\n        char file_buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];\n        size_t bytes_read;\n\n        while ((bytes_read = fread(file_buffer, 1, BUFFER_SIZE, fp)) > 0) {\n            if (send(new_socket, file_buffer, bytes_read, 0) != bytes_read) {\n                perror(\"Send error\");\n                break;\n            }\n        }\n        fclose(fp);\n\n        // Send \"STOP\" packet to indicate end of transmission\n        strcpy(file_buffer, \"STOP\");\n        send(new_socket, file_buffer, strlen(file_buffer), 0);\n    } else {\n        perror(\"File open error\");\n        // Send error message to client\n        strcpy(buffer, \"ERROR: Cannot open file\\n\");\n        send(new_socket, buffer, strlen(buffer), 0);\n    }\n}\n```\n\n### **`WRITE` Operation in `storage_server.c`**\n\nSimilarly, the `WRITE` operation handles receiving data from the client and writing it to a file.\n\n```c\nelse if (strncmp(buffer, \"WRITE\", 5) == 0) {\n    // Receive data from client and write to file until \"STOP\" is received\n    char path[MAX_LENGTH];\n    sscanf(buffer + 6, \"%s\", path);\n\n    FILE *fp = fopen(path, \"wb\");\n    if (fp) {\n        char file_buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];\n        ssize_t bytes_received;\n\n        while (1) {\n            bytes_received = recv(new_socket, file_buffer, BUFFER_SIZE, 0);\n            if (bytes_received < 0) {\n                perror(\"Receive error\");\n                break;\n            } else if (bytes_received == 0) {\n                // Connection closed by client\n                break;\n            } else {\n                // Check for \"STOP\" packet\n                if (bytes_received == 4 && strncmp(file_buffer, \"STOP\", 4) == 0) {\n                    printf(\"Received STOP packet. File transfer complete.\\n\");\n                    break;\n                }\n                // Write data to file\n                fwrite(file_buffer, 1, bytes_received, fp);\n            }\n        }\n        fclose(fp);\n        // Send acknowledgement to client\n        strcpy(file_buffer, \"Write Completed\\n\");\n        send(new_socket, file_buffer, strlen(file_buffer), 0);\n    } else {\n        perror(\"File open error\");\n        // Send error message to client\n        strcpy(buffer, \"ERROR: Cannot open file\\n\");\n        send(new_socket, buffer, strlen(buffer), 0);\n    }\n}\n```\n\n---\n\n## **2. Implementing Client-Side Handling in ",
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          "value": " Matching `storage_server.c`**\n\nSince you requested to **use the exact code given for `storage_server.c`**, we'll implement corresponding client-side functions that align with the server's operations, while keeping the rest of ",
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          "value": " unchanged as much as possible.\n\n### **Current Structure of ",
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          "value": "**\n\nFrom your provided code snippet, the client has functions like:\n\n- `create_socket()`\n- `connect_to_server()`\n- `send_data()`\n\nWe will add or modify functions to handle the `READ` and `WRITE` operations accordingly.\n\n---\n\n### **Implementing the `READ` Operation in ",
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          "value": "**\n\n#### **Function to Handle the `READ` Operation**\n\n```c\nvoid handle_read_operation(int sock_fd, const char *file_path) {\n    char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];\n    char command[MAX_LENGTH];\n\n    // Prepare the \"READ\" command\n    snprintf(command, MAX_LENGTH, \"READ %s\", file_path);\n\n    // Send the \"READ\" command to the server\n    send_data(sock_fd, command, strlen(command));\n\n    // Open a local file to save the received data\n    FILE *fp = fopen(\"received_file\", \"wb\");  // You may change \"received_file\" to desired filename\n    if (fp == NULL) {\n        perror(\"File open error on client\");\n        return;\n    }\n\n    // Receive data from the server until \"STOP\" is received\n    while (1) {\n        ssize_t bytes_received = recv(sock_fd, buffer, BUFFER_SIZE, 0);\n        if (bytes_received < 0) {\n            perror(\"Receive error on client\");\n            break;\n        } else if (bytes_received == 0) {\n            // Connection closed by server\n            break;\n        } else {\n            // Check for \"STOP\" packet\n            if (bytes_received == 4 && strncmp(buffer, \"STOP\", 4) == 0) {\n                printf(\"File transfer completed\\n\");\n                break;\n            }\n            // Write the received data to the file\n            fwrite(buffer, 1, bytes_received, fp);\n        }\n    }\n\n    fclose(fp);\n    printf(\"File saved as 'received_file'\\n\");\n}\n```\n\n**Explanation:**\n\n- **Sending the \"READ\" Command:**\n  - We send a command in the format `\"READ <path>\"`, matching what the server expects.\n- **Receiving Data:**\n  - We continuously receive data and write it to a local file until we receive the \"STOP\" packet.\n- **Error Handling:**\n  - We handle errors in receiving data and file operations.\n\n---\n\n### **Implementing the `WRITE` Operation in ",
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          "value": "**\n\n#### **Function to Handle the `WRITE` Operation**\n\n```c\nvoid handle_write_operation(int sock_fd, const char *file_path) {\n    char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];\n    char command[MAX_LENGTH];\n\n    // Prepare the \"WRITE\" command\n    snprintf(command, MAX_LENGTH, \"WRITE %s\", file_path);\n\n    // Send the \"WRITE\" command to the server\n    send_data(sock_fd, command, strlen(command));\n\n    // Open the local file to read data\n    FILE *fp = fopen(file_path, \"rb\");\n    if (fp == NULL) {\n        perror(\"File open error on client\");\n        return;\n    }\n\n    // Read data from the file and send it to the server\n    size_t bytes_read;\n    while ((bytes_read = fread(buffer, 1, BUFFER_SIZE, fp)) > 0) {\n        if (send(sock_fd, buffer, bytes_read, 0) != bytes_read) {\n            perror(\"Send error on client\");\n            break;\n        }\n    }\n\n    fclose(fp);\n\n    // Send \"STOP\" packet to indicate end of transmission\n    strcpy(buffer, \"STOP\");\n    send_data(sock_fd, buffer, strlen(buffer));\n\n    // Receive acknowledgement from the server\n    ssize_t bytes_received = recv(sock_fd, buffer, BUFFER_SIZE, 0);\n    if (bytes_received > 0) {\n        buffer[bytes_received] = '\\0';\n        printf(\"Server response: %s\\n\", buffer);\n    } else if (bytes_received == 0) {\n        printf(\"Server closed the connection\\n\");\n    } else {\n        perror(\"Receive error on client\");\n    }\n}\n```\n\n**Explanation:**\n\n- **Sending the \"WRITE\" Command:**\n  - We send a command in the format `\"WRITE <path>\"`, matching what the server expects.\n- **Sending Data:**\n  - We read data from a local file and send it to the server in chunks.\n- **Ending the Transmission:**\n  - We send a \"STOP\" packet to signal the end of the data transmission.\n- **Receiving Acknowledgement:**\n  - We receive a response from the server, which may be \"Write Completed\\n\" as per the server code.\n\n---\n\n### **Integrating the Functions into ",
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          "value": "**\n\n#### **Modifying the Main Function**\n\nAssuming your ",
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          "value": " has a main function that handles user inputs and interacts with the server.\n\n**Modify the main function to handle user commands:**\n\n```c\nint main(int argc, char *argv[]) {\n    // Connect to the Naming Server (NS)\n    int ns_sock_fd = create_socket();\n    char *ns_ip = \"127.0.0.1\"; // Replace with actual NS IP\n    int ns_port = 12345;       // Replace with actual NS port\n    connect_to_server(ns_sock_fd, ns_ip, ns_port);\n\n    char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];\n    char command[MAX_LENGTH];\n\n    // Get user input for the operation\n    printf(\"Enter command (READ <path> / WRITE <path>): \");\n    fgets(command, MAX_LENGTH, stdin);\n    command[strcspn(command, \"\\n\")] = '\\0'; // Remove newline\n\n    // Send command to NS\n    send_data(ns_sock_fd, command, strlen(command));\n\n    // Receive response from NS (IP and Port of SS)\n    ssize_t bytes_received = recv(ns_sock_fd, buffer, BUFFER_SIZE, 0);\n    if (bytes_received <= 0) {\n        perror(\"No response from Naming Server\");\n        close(ns_sock_fd);\n        return EXIT_FAILURE;\n    }\n    buffer[bytes_received] = '\\0';\n\n    // Parse the IP and Port\n    char ss_ip[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];\n    int ss_port;\n    if (sscanf(buffer, \"IP: %s Port: %d\", ss_ip, &ss_port) != 2) {\n        printf(\"Invalid response from Naming Server: %s\\n\", buffer);\n        close(ns_sock_fd);\n        return EXIT_FAILURE;\n    }\n\n    printf(\"Connecting to Storage Server at %s:%d\\n\", ss_ip, ss_port);\n\n    // Close connection to NS\n    close(ns_sock_fd);\n\n    // Connect to the Storage Server (SS)\n    int ss_sock_fd = create_socket();\n    connect_to_server(ss_sock_fd, ss_ip, ss_port);\n\n    // Determine operation and handle accordingly\n    if (strncmp(command, \"READ\", 4) == 0) {\n        char file_path[MAX_LENGTH];\n        sscanf(command + 5, \"%s\", file_path);\n        handle_read_operation(ss_sock_fd, file_path);\n    } else if (strncmp(command, \"WRITE\", 5) == 0) {\n        char file_path[MAX_LENGTH];\n        sscanf(command + 6, \"%s\", file_path);\n        handle_write_operation(ss_sock_fd, file_path);\n    } else {\n        printf(\"Invalid command\\n\");\n    }\n\n    // Close connection to SS\n    close(ss_sock_fd);\n\n    return 0;\n}\n```\n\n**Explanation:**\n\n- **Connect to Naming Server:**\n  - Use existing functions to create a socket and connect to the NS.\n- **Send Command to NS:**\n  - The client sends the user's command to the NS (e.g., `READ /path/to/file`).\n- **Receive Response from NS:**\n  - The NS responds with the IP and Port of the Storage Server (SS) that has the file.\n- **Connect to SS:**\n  - Using the received IP and Port, the client connects to the SS.\n- **Handle Operation:**\n  - Based on the command, the client calls `handle_read_operation` or `handle_write_operation`.\n- **Clean Up:**\n  - Close the sockets when done.\n\n---\n\n### **Ensuring Minimal Changes to Existing Code**\n\n- I've used your existing functions like `create_socket()`, `connect_to_server()`, and `send_data()` without modification.\n- The new functions `handle_read_operation()` and `handle_write_operation()` are added to handle the specific operations.\n- The main logic remains similar, with additions to handle the operations as per your existing flow.\n\n---\n\n### **Example According to Your Instructions**\n\nGiven your example:\n\n```\nClient : READ <path>\nNS looks for the given path in list of accessible paths. If found return IP and Port.\nNS (to client) : IP: 10.2.141.242 Port: 5050\nClient sends request to SS\nSS (to client) : OSN TA's are the best especially john.\n```\n\nOur implementation matches this flow:\n\n1. **Client sends \"READ <path>\"** to the NS.\n2. **NS returns \"IP: <SS_IP> Port: <SS_Port>\"** if the path is found.\n3. **Client connects to SS** at the provided IP and Port.\n4. **Client sends \"READ <path>\"** to the SS (inside `handle_read_operation`).\n5. **SS sends the file content**, ending with a \"STOP\" packet.\n6. **Client receives the content**, writes it to a local file, and recognizes the \"STOP\" packet.\n\n---\n\n### **Full ",
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          "value": " Code with Modifications**\n\nCombining everything, here's a simplified version of your ",
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          "value": " with the necessary additions:\n\n```c\n#include <stdio.h>\n#include <stdlib.h>\n#include <string.h>\n#include <unistd.h>\n#include <pthread.h>\n#include <arpa/inet.h>\n\n#define BUFFER_SIZE 1024\n#define MAX_LENGTH 1024\n\nint create_socket() {\n    int sock_fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);\n    if (sock_fd == -1) {\n        perror(\"Socket creation failed\");\n        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n    }\n    return sock_fd;\n}\n\nvoid connect_to_server(int sock_fd, char *ip, int port) {\n    struct sockaddr_in server_addr;\n\n    // Zero out the structure\n    memset(&server_addr, 0, sizeof(server_addr));\n\n    // Assign IP and PORT\n    server_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;\n    server_addr.sin_port = htons(port);\n\n    // Convert IPv4 and IPv6 addresses from text to binary\n    if (inet_pton(AF_INET, ip, &server_addr.sin_addr) <= 0) {\n        printf(\"Invalid address/ Address not supported\\n\");\n        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n    }\n\n    // Connect to the server\n    if (connect(sock_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&server_addr, sizeof(server_addr)) < 0) {\n        printf(\"Connection Failed\\n\");\n        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n    }\n}\n\nvoid send_data(int sock_fd, char *data, size_t data_size) {\n    if (send(sock_fd, data, data_size, 0) != data_size) {\n        perror(\"Send failed\");\n        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n    }\n}\n\nvoid handle_read_operation(int sock_fd, const char *file_path) {\n    // (Function as implemented above)\n}\n\nvoid handle_write_operation(int sock_fd, const char *file_path) {\n    // (Function as implemented above)\n}\n\nint main(int argc, char *argv[]) {\n    // Connect to Naming Server (NS)\n    int ns_sock_fd = create_socket();\n    char *ns_ip = \"127.0.0.1\"; // Replace with actual NS IP\n    int ns_port = 12345;       // Replace with actual NS port\n    connect_to_server(ns_sock_fd, ns_ip, ns_port);\n\n    char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];\n    char command[MAX_LENGTH];\n\n    // Get user input for the operation\n    printf(\"Enter command (READ <path> / WRITE <path>): \");\n    fgets(command, MAX_LENGTH, stdin);\n    command[strcspn(command, \"\\n\")] = '\\0'; // Remove newline\n\n    // Send command to NS\n    send_data(ns_sock_fd, command, strlen(command));\n\n    // Receive response from NS (IP and Port of SS)\n    ssize_t bytes_received = recv(ns_sock_fd, buffer, BUFFER_SIZE, 0);\n    if (bytes_received <= 0) {\n        perror(\"No response from Naming Server\");\n        close(ns_sock_fd);\n        return EXIT_FAILURE;\n    }\n    buffer[bytes_received] = '\\0';\n\n    // Parse the IP and Port\n    char ss_ip[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];\n    int ss_port;\n    if (sscanf(buffer, \"IP: %s Port: %d\", ss_ip, &ss_port) != 2) {\n        printf(\"Invalid response from Naming Server: %s\\n\", buffer);\n        close(ns_sock_fd);\n        return EXIT_FAILURE;\n    }\n\n    printf(\"Connecting to Storage Server at %s:%d\\n\", ss_ip, ss_port);\n\n    // Close connection to NS\n    close(ns_sock_fd);\n\n    // Connect to Storage Server (SS)\n    int ss_sock_fd = create_socket();\n    connect_to_server(ss_sock_fd, ss_ip, ss_port);\n\n    // Determine operation and handle accordingly\n    if (strncmp(command, \"READ\", 4) == 0) {\n        char file_path[MAX_LENGTH];\n        sscanf(command + 5, \"%s\", file_path);\n        handle_read_operation(ss_sock_fd, file_path);\n    } else if (strncmp(command, \"WRITE\", 5) == 0) {\n        char file_path[MAX_LENGTH];\n        sscanf(command + 6, \"%s\", file_path);\n        handle_write_operation(ss_sock_fd, file_path);\n    } else {\n        printf(\"Invalid command\\n\");\n    }\n\n    // Close connection to SS\n    close(ss_sock_fd);\n\n    return 0;\n}\n```\n\n---\n\n## **Important Notes**\n\n- **Ensure Consistency:**\n  - The client and server should agree on the exact format of messages.\n  - For example, the \"READ\" and \"WRITE\" commands should be followed by a single path without extra parameters.\n\n- **Adjust File Paths:**\n  - In `handle_read_operation`, the received file is saved as \"received_file\" for simplicity. You may modify this to use a specified filename.\n  - In `handle_write_operation`, the file path provided should point to an existing file on the client machine.\n\n- **Error Handling:**\n  - Include appropriate error messages and handling to aid in debugging.\n\n- **Testing:**\n  - Test the client and server thoroughly with various file sizes and types to ensure reliability.\n\n- **Logging:**\n  - Add `printf` statements or logging as needed to trace the flow of operations during testing.\n\n---\n\n## **Conclusion**\n\nBy implementing the client-side handling of \"READ\" and \"WRITE\" operations as shown, using the exact code from your `storage_server.c`, and making minimal changes to your existing ",
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          "value": ", you should achieve the desired functionality.\n\nThis implementation aligns with your original specifications and follows the communication protocol demonstrated in your example.\n\n---\n\n**Let me know if you need further clarification or assistance with any part of this implementation!**",
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          "value": " to handle unlimited length, align it with your `storage_server.c`, and address the issue where nothing happens when you start the client.\n\n---\n\n## **Identifying the Issue**\n\nFrom your description and the provided code snippet, when you start the client, nothing happens, and it should prompt \"Enter operation\". This suggests that the client is hanging somewhere before reaching that point.\n\nGiven the code excerpt from ",
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          "value": ", lines 93 to 128:\n\n```c\nint main(int argc, char *argv[]) {\n    if (argc != 3) {\n        printf(\"Usage: %s <Server IP> <Port>\\n\", argv[0]);\n        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n    }\n    nm_IP = argv[1];\n    nm_PORT = atoi(argv[2]);\n\n    int nm_sock_fd = create_socket();\n    connect_to_server(nm_sock_fd, nm_IP, nm_PORT);\n\n    char* operation = (char*)malloc(1024);\n    \n    // Initial Message to confirm if connection is either client or storage server\n    send_data(nm_sock_fd, \"CLIENT\", 6);\n    char *buffer = NULL;\n    receive_data(nm_sock_fd, &buffer);\n    printf(\"Naming Server: %s\\n\", buffer);\n    free(buffer);  // Free the allocated memory when done\n\n    while (1) {\n        printf(\"Enter operation: \");\n        fgets(operation, 1024, stdin);\n        operation[strcspn(operation, \"\\n\")] = 0;\n        if(strncmp(operation, \"EXIT\", 4) == 0) {\n            send_data(nm_sock_fd, operation, strlen(operation));\n            break;\n        }\n        // ... rest of the code\n    }\n```\n\n### **Possible Cause**\n\nThe client sends `\"CLIENT\"` to the naming server and immediately calls `receive_data(nm_sock_fd, &buffer);` to get a response. If the naming server doesn't send any response, the client will block at `receive_data` waiting indefinitely, hence not proceeding to the \"Enter operation\" prompt.\n\n---\n\n## **Solution**\n\n### **Step 1: Ensure the Naming Server Responds to \"CLIENT\"**\n\nFirst, check your `naming_server.c` to ensure that it sends a response when it receives the `\"CLIENT\"` message.\n\n**Example Modification in `naming_server.c`:**\n\n```c\nvoid handle_client(int client_socket) {\n    char buffer[MAX_LENGTH];\n    ssize_t bytes_received = recv(client_socket, buffer, MAX_LENGTH - 1, 0);\n    if (bytes_received <= 0) {\n        perror(\"Receive failed from client\");\n        close(client_socket);\n        return;\n    }\n    buffer[bytes_received] = '\\0';\n\n    if (strcmp(buffer, \"CLIENT\") == 0) {\n        // Send acknowledgment to client\n        const char *response = \"Welcome, client!\";\n        send(client_socket, response, strlen(response), 0);\n        // Proceed with client interaction\n    }\n    // ... rest of the code\n}\n```\n\nEnsure that when the naming server receives `\"CLIENT\"`, it sends back a response (e.g., `\"Welcome, client!\"`).\n\n### **Step 2: Adjust `receive_data` Function in ",
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          "value": "**\n\nIf your `receive_data` function blocks indefinitely when there's no incoming data, consider adding a timeout or non-blocking mode. However, if the naming server responds appropriately, this should not be necessary.\n\n**Simplified `receive_data` Function:**\n\n```c\nssize_t receive_data(int sock_fd, char **buffer) {\n    char temp_buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];\n    ssize_t bytes_received = recv(sock_fd, temp_buffer, BUFFER_SIZE - 1, 0);\n    if (bytes_received <= 0) {\n        return bytes_received;\n    }\n    temp_buffer[bytes_received] = '\\0';\n    \n    *buffer = (char *)malloc(bytes_received + 1);\n    if (*buffer == NULL) {\n        perror(\"Memory allocation failed\");\n        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n    }\n    strcpy(*buffer, temp_buffer);\n    return bytes_received;\n}\n```\n\n### **Step 3: Add Debugging Statements**\n\nTo confirm where the client is hanging, add debugging `printf` statements.\n\n```c\n// Before calling receive_data\nprintf(\"Sending 'CLIENT' to naming server...\\n\");\nsend_data(nm_sock_fd, \"CLIENT\", 6);\nprintf(\"Awaiting response from naming server...\\n\");\nchar *buffer = NULL;\nreceive_data(nm_sock_fd, &buffer);\nprintf(\"Received response from naming server.\\n\");\nprintf(\"Naming Server: %s\\n\", buffer);\n```\n\nIf you don't see \"Received response from naming server.\" printed, the client is blocking at `receive_data`.\n\n---\n\n## **Fixing `read` and `write` Operations**\n\nNow, let's fix your ",
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          "value": " implementation of `READ` and `WRITE` to handle unlimited length, aligning it with your `storage_server.c`.\n\n### **Implementing `READ` Operation**\n\n**Client Side (`client.c`):**\n\n```c\nvoid handle_read_operation(int socket_fd, char *file_path) {\n    char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];\n    char command[MAX_LENGTH];\n\n    // Send \"READ <file_path>\" command to the storage server\n    snprintf(command, MAX_LENGTH, \"READ %s\", file_path);\n    send_data(socket_fd, command, strlen(command));\n\n    // Open file to write received data\n    FILE *fp = fopen(\"received_file\", \"wb\"); // Change filename as needed\n    if (!fp) {\n        perror(\"Error opening file for writing\");\n        return;\n    }\n\n    // Receive data from the server until \"STOP\" is received\n    while (1) {\n        ssize_t bytes_received = recv(socket_fd, buffer, BUFFER_SIZE, 0);\n        if (bytes_received < 0) {\n            perror(\"Receive error\");\n            fclose(fp);\n            return;\n        } else if (bytes_received == 0) {\n            printf(\"Server closed the connection\\n\");\n            fclose(fp);\n            return;\n        }\n\n        // Check for \"STOP\" packet\n        if (bytes_received == 4 && strncmp(buffer, \"STOP\", 4) == 0) {\n            printf(\"File transfer completed\\n\");\n            break;\n        }\n\n        // Write data to the file\n        fwrite(buffer, 1, bytes_received, fp);\n    }\n\n    fclose(fp);\n    printf(\"File saved as 'received_file'\\n\");\n}\n```\n\n**Explanation:**\n\n- **Send Command:** The client sends the `\"READ\"` command with the desired file path.\n- **Receive Data:** The client reads data in a loop until it receives the `\"STOP\"` packet.\n- **Write Data:** The data is written to a local file.\n\n### **Implementing `WRITE` Operation**\n\n**Client Side (`client.c`):**\n\n```c\nvoid handle_write_operation(int socket_fd, char *file_path) {\n    char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];\n    char command[MAX_LENGTH];\n\n    // Send \"WRITE <file_path>\" command to the storage server\n    snprintf(command, MAX_LENGTH, \"WRITE %s\", file_path);\n    send_data(socket_fd, command, strlen(command));\n\n    // Open the file to read data\n    FILE *fp = fopen(file_path, \"rb\");\n    if (!fp) {\n        perror(\"Error opening file for reading\");\n        return;\n    }\n\n    // Read and send data to the server\n    size_t bytes_read;\n    while ((bytes_read = fread(buffer, 1, BUFFER_SIZE, fp)) > 0) {\n        if (send(socket_fd, buffer, bytes_read, 0) != bytes_read) {\n            perror(\"Send error\");\n            fclose(fp);\n            return;\n        }\n    }\n\n    fclose(fp);\n\n    // Send \"STOP\" packet to indicate end of transmission\n    strcpy(buffer, \"STOP\");\n    send_data(socket_fd, buffer, strlen(buffer));\n\n    // Receive acknowledgment from the server\n    ssize_t bytes_received = recv(socket_fd, buffer, BUFFER_SIZE - 1, 0);\n    if (bytes_received > 0) {\n        buffer[bytes_received] = '\\0';\n        printf(\"Server response: %s\\n\", buffer);\n    } else if (bytes_received == 0) {\n        printf(\"Server closed the connection\\n\");\n    } else {\n        perror(\"Receive error\");\n    }\n}\n```\n\n**Explanation:**\n\n- **Send Command:** The client sends the `\"WRITE\"` command with the desired file path on the server.\n- **Send Data:** The client reads from a local file and sends data in chunks.\n- **End Transmission:** The client sends a `\"STOP\"` packet to signal completion.\n- **Receive Acknowledgment:** The client receives confirmation from the server.\n\n### **Integrate into Main Loop**\n\nModify your `main` function to include these operations.\n\n```c\nwhile (1) {\n    printf(\"Enter operation: \");\n    fgets(operation, 1024, stdin);\n    operation[strcspn(operation, \"\\n\")] = 0;\n\n    if (strncmp(operation, \"EXIT\", 4) == 0) {\n        send_data(nm_sock_fd, operation, strlen(operation));\n        break;\n    } else if (strncmp(operation, \"READ\", 4) == 0) {\n        // Extract file path\n        char file_path[MAX_LENGTH];\n        sscanf(operation + 5, \"%s\", file_path);\n        \n        // Get SS IP and Port from NM\n        send_data(nm_sock_fd, operation, strlen(operation));\n        \n        // Receive storage server info\n        char *buffer = NULL;\n        receive_data(nm_sock_fd, &buffer);\n        char ss_ip[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];\n        int ss_port;\n        if (sscanf(buffer, \"IP: %s Port: %d\", ss_ip, &ss_port) != 2) {\n            printf(\"Invalid response from Naming Server: %s\\n\", buffer);\n            free(buffer);\n            continue;\n        }\n        free(buffer);\n\n        // Connect to Storage Server\n        int ss_sock_fd = create_socket();\n        connect_to_server(ss_sock_fd, ss_ip, ss_port);\n\n        // Handle READ operation\n        handle_read_operation(ss_sock_fd, file_path);\n\n        // Close SS connection\n        close(ss_sock_fd);\n    } else if (strncmp(operation, \"WRITE\", 5) == 0) {\n        // Extract file path\n        char file_path[MAX_LENGTH];\n        sscanf(operation + 6, \"%s\", file_path);\n        \n        // Get SS IP and Port from NM\n        send_data(nm_sock_fd, operation, strlen(operation));\n        \n        // Receive storage server info\n        char *buffer = NULL;\n        receive_data(nm_sock_fd, &buffer);\n        char ss_ip[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];\n        int ss_port;\n        if (sscanf(buffer, \"IP: %s Port: %d\", ss_ip, &ss_port) != 2) {\n            printf(\"Invalid response from Naming Server: %s\\n\", buffer);\n            free(buffer);\n            continue;\n        }\n        free(buffer);\n\n        // Connect to Storage Server\n        int ss_sock_fd = create_socket();\n        connect_to_server(ss_sock_fd, ss_ip, ss_port);\n\n        // Handle WRITE operation\n        handle_write_operation(ss_sock_fd, file_path);\n\n        // Close SS connection\n        close(ss_sock_fd);\n    } else {\n        printf(\"Invalid operation. Please enter READ <path> or WRITE <path>.\\n\");\n    }\n}\n```\n\n### **Explanation:**\n\n- **Maintain Connection to Naming Server:** The client communicates with the Naming Server (NM) to get the Storage Server (SS) info for each operation.\n- **Parse User Input:** The client parses the operation and file path.\n- **Communicate with SS:** The client connects to the SS and performs the read/write operation.\n- **Close SS Connection:** After each operation, the client closes the SS socket.\n\n---\n\n## **Ensuring Unlimited Length Handling**\n\nYour new `handle_read_operation` and `handle_write_operation` functions read and write data in chunks (`BUFFER_SIZE`), handling files of any size.\n\n### **Consistent with `storage_server.c`**\n\nIn `storage_server.c`, you have similar logic:\n\n- **For `READ`:** The server reads from the file and sends data until EOF, then sends \"STOP\".\n- **For `WRITE`:** The server receives data until \"STOP\" is received and writes it to a file.\n\n---\n\n## **Complete ",
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        "text": "in my client_handle function, implement another function in another else if block called TREE, which, given a path, lists all folders, directories, sub-folders, etc within that path, identical to how the tree function in linux command line works. i pretty much want an implementation of tree here. you may use tree as well if that is possible at all. ",
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            "text": "in my client_handle function, implement another function in another else if block called TREE, which, given a path, lists all folders, directories, sub-folders, etc within that path, identical to how the tree function in linux command line works. i pretty much want an implementation of tree here. you may use tree as well if that is possible at all. ",
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          "value": ". This command will list all folders, directories, sub-folders, etc., within a given path, similar to the `tree` command in Linux.\n\n---\n\n## **Implementation Steps**\n\n1. **Add an `else if` block in `client_handle` to handle the `TREE` command.**\n2. **Implement a recursive function to traverse the directory tree and collect the structure.**\n3. **Send the collected directory tree structure back to the client.**\n4. **Ensure that the code is safe and handles errors appropriately.**\n\n---\n\n## **Modified ",
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          "value": "**\n\nHere is the code to add to your ",
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          "value": ":\n\n```c\n#include <stdio.h>\n#include <stdlib.h>\n#include <string.h>\n#include <unistd.h>\n#include <pthread.h>\n#include <dirent.h>\n#include <sys/stat.h>\n#include <errno.h>\n\n// ... (existing includes and definitions)\n\n#define BUFFER_SIZE 1024\n#define MAX_LENGTH 1024\n\n// Function prototypes\nvoid *client_handle(void *arg);\nvoid list_directory(const char *base_path, int depth, int client_socket);\n\n// ... (other code)\n\n// Modify the client_handle function\nvoid *client_handle(void *arg) {\n    int new_socket = *(int *)arg;\n    free(arg);\n    char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];\n\n    while (1) {\n        memset(buffer, 0, BUFFER_SIZE);\n        ssize_t bytes_received = recv(new_socket, buffer, BUFFER_SIZE - 1, 0);\n        if (bytes_received <= 0) {\n            perror(\"Client disconnected or receive error\");\n            close(new_socket);\n            pthread_exit(NULL);\n        }\n        buffer[bytes_received] = '\\0';\n\n        if (strncmp(buffer, \"READ\", 4) == 0) {\n            // Existing READ implementation\n            // ...\n        } else if (strncmp(buffer, \"WRITE\", 5) == 0) {\n            // Existing WRITE implementation\n            // ...\n        } else if (strncmp(buffer, \"TREE\", 4) == 0) {\n            // Handle TREE command\n            char path[MAX_LENGTH];\n            sscanf(buffer + 5, \"%s\", path);\n\n            // Start listing the directory\n            list_directory(path, 0, new_socket);\n\n            // Send \"END_OF_TREE\" to indicate completion\n            send(new_socket, \"END_OF_TREE\", strlen(\"END_OF_TREE\"), 0);\n        } else if (strncmp(buffer, \"INFO\", 4) == 0) {\n            // Existing INFO implementation\n            // ...\n        } else if (strncmp(buffer, \"STREAM\", 6) == 0) {\n            // Existing STREAM implementation\n            // ...\n        } else {\n            // Handle invalid commands\n            strcpy(buffer, \"ERROR: Invalid command\\n\");\n            send(new_socket, buffer, strlen(buffer), 0);\n        }\n    }\n    close(new_socket);\n    return NULL;\n}\n\n// Function to recursively list directories\nvoid list_directory(const char *base_path, int depth, int client_socket) {\n    DIR *dir;\n    struct dirent *entry;\n\n    // Open the directory\n    dir = opendir(base_path);\n    if (dir == NULL) {\n        // Send error message to client\n        char error_msg[BUFFER_SIZE];\n        snprintf(error_msg, sizeof(error_msg), \"Cannot open directory: %s\\n\", strerror(errno));\n        send(client_socket, error_msg, strlen(error_msg), 0);\n        return;\n    }\n\n    while ((entry = readdir(dir)) != NULL) {\n        char path[MAX_LENGTH];\n        if (strcmp(entry->d_name, \".\") == 0 || strcmp(entry->d_name, \"..\") == 0) {\n            continue; // Skip . and ..\n        }\n\n        // Construct the full path\n        snprintf(path, sizeof(path), \"%s/%s\", base_path, entry->d_name);\n\n        // Build the line with indentation\n        char line[MAX_LENGTH];\n        memset(line, 0, sizeof(line));\n        for (int i = 0; i < depth; i++) {\n            strcat(line, \"    \");\n        }\n        strcat(line, \"|-- \");\n        strcat(line, entry->d_name);\n        strcat(line, \"\\n\");\n\n        // Send the line to the client\n        send(client_socket, line, strlen(line), 0);\n\n        // Check if entry is a directory\n        struct stat statbuf;\n        if (stat(path, &statbuf) == 0 && S_ISDIR(statbuf.st_mode)) {\n            // Recursively list the directory\n            list_directory(path, depth + 1, client_socket);\n        }\n    }\n    closedir(dir);\n}\n```\n\n---\n\n## **Explanation**\n\n### **In `client_handle`:**\n\n- **Parsing the Command:**\n  - When the buffer starts with `\"TREE\"`, we parse the path provided by the client using `sscanf`.\n- **Calling `list_directory`:**\n  - We call the `list_directory` function, passing the path, the initial depth (`0`), and the `client_socket` to send data back to the client.\n- **Indicating Completion:**\n  - After listing the directory, we send an `\"END_OF_TREE\"` message to let the client know that the listing is complete.\n\n### **In `list_directory` Function:**\n\n- **Opening the Directory:**\n  - We use `opendir` to open the directory specified by `base_path`.\n- **Iterating Over Entries:**\n  - We iterate over each entry using `readdir`.\n  - Skip `\".\"` and `\"..\"` entries.\n- **Constructing Path and Line:**\n  - Construct the full path of the entry.\n  - Build a line representing the entry with appropriate indentation to show the directory structure.\n- **Sending Data to Client:**\n  - We send each line to the client using `send`.\n- **Recursion:**\n  - If the entry is a directory, we recursively call `list_directory` with increased depth.\n\n---\n\n## **Client Side Handling**\n\nOn the client side, you need to read the directory listing from the server until you receive the `\"END_OF_TREE\"` message.\n\n```c\nvoid handle_tree_command(int socket_fd, char *path) {\n    char command[MAX_LENGTH];\n    char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];\n\n    // Prepare and send the TREE command\n    snprintf(command, MAX_LENGTH, \"TREE %s\", path);\n    send_data(socket_fd, command, strlen(command));\n\n    // Receive the directory tree from the server\n    while (1) {\n        ssize_t bytes_received = recv(socket_fd, buffer, BUFFER_SIZE - 1, 0);\n        if (bytes_received <= 0) {\n            perror(\"Receive error or connection closed\");\n            break;\n        }\n        buffer[bytes_received] = '\\0';\n\n        // Check for \"END_OF_TREE\" message\n        if (strcmp(buffer, \"END_OF_TREE\") == 0) {\n            printf(\"Directory listing completed.\\n\");\n            break;\n        }\n\n        // Print the received data\n        printf(\"%s\", buffer);\n    }\n}\n```\n\n**Note:**\n\n- **Using `send_data` Function:**\n  - Assume you have a `send_data` function similar to your existing code.\n- **Receiving Data:**\n  - Read data in a loop, and print out the directory structure as it is received.\n- **Completion Check:**\n  - Break out of the loop when `\"END_OF_TREE\"` is received.\n\n---\n\n## **Security Considerations**\n\n- **Path Validation:**\n  - Ensure that the path provided by the client is valid and does not lead to unauthorized directories.\n  - Implement checks to prevent directory traversal attacks (e.g., paths with ",
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          "value": " with the new changes.**\n\n   ```bash\n   gcc -o storage_server storage_server.c -pthread\n   ```\n\n2. **Run the Storage Server.**\n\n   ```bash\n   ./storage_server 1 -n <NM IP> -p <NM Port> [accessible paths...]\n   ```\n\n3. **Modify your Client to Handle the `TREE` Command.**\n\n   - Add the `handle_tree_command` function to your `client.c`.\n   - Ensure the client can send the `TREE` command and process the response.\n\n4. **Compile `client.c`.**\n\n   ```bash\n   gcc -o client client.c\n   ```\n\n5. **Run the Client and Test the `TREE` Command.**\n\n   ```bash\n   ./client\n   ```\n\n   - Enter the `TREE` command followed by the path you want to inspect.\n\n   ```\n   Enter operation: TREE /path/to/directory\n   ```\n\n6. **Verify the Output.**\n\n   - Ensure that the directory structure is printed correctly.\n   - Test with different paths and deep directory structures.\n\n---\n\n## **Example Output**\n\nGiven a directory structure:\n\n```\n/path/to/directory\n├── folder1\n│   ├── file1.txt\n│   └── subfolder1\n│       └── file2.txt\n└── folder2\n    └── file3.txt\n```\n\n**Client Output:**\n\n```\nEnter operation: TREE /path/to/directory\n|-- folder1\n    |-- file1.txt\n    |-- subfolder1\n        |-- file2.txt\n|-- folder2\n    |-- file3.txt\nDirectory listing completed.\n```\n\n---\n\n## **Adjustments and Enhancements**\n\n- **Large Directory Support:**\n  - If the directory structure is very large, consider streaming data instead of buffering large amounts in memory.\n- **Formatting:**\n  - Adjust the indentation and formatting to match the output style you prefer.\n- **Permissions:**\n  - Ensure that the server process has the necessary permissions to read the directories and files.\n\n---\n\n## **Final Notes**\n\n- **Header Files:**\n  - Make sure to include the necessary header files in ",
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          "value": ":\n\n```c\n#define MAX_LENGTH 1024\n#define BUFFER_SIZE 1024\n```\n\n### **Step 2: Modify the Main Function**\n\nIn your `main` function, add handling for the `TREE` command within your operation loop.\n\n**Locate the operation loop in your `main` function:**\n\n```c\nwhile (1) {\n    printf(\"Enter operation: \");\n    fgets(operation, 1024, stdin);\n    operation[strcspn(operation, \"\\n\")] = '\\0'; // Remove newline character\n\n    if (strncmp(operation, \"EXIT\", 4) == 0) {\n        send_data(nm_sock_fd, operation, strlen(operation));\n        break;\n    }\n    // Existing operation handlers...\n}\n```\n\n**Add the `TREE` operation handling:**\n\n```c\n    else if (strncmp(operation, \"TREE\", 4) == 0) {\n        // Send operation to Naming Server\n        send_data(nm_sock_fd, operation, strlen(operation));\n\n        // Receive response from NM (IP and Port of SS)\n        char *buffer = (char *)malloc(BUFFER_SIZE);\n        ssize_t bytes_received = receive_data(nm_sock_fd, buffer, BUFFER_SIZE);\n        if (bytes_received <= 0) {\n            perror(\"No response from Naming Server\");\n            free(buffer);\n            continue;\n        }\n        buffer[bytes_received] = '\\0';\n\n        // Parse the IP and Port\n        char ss_ip[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];\n        int ss_port;\n        if (sscanf(buffer, \"IP: %s Port: %d\", ss_ip, &ss_port) != 2) {\n            printf(\"Invalid response from Naming Server: %s\\n\", buffer);\n            free(buffer);\n            continue;\n        }\n        free(buffer);\n\n        printf(\"Connecting to Storage Server at %s:%d\\n\", ss_ip, ss_port);\n\n        // Connect to the Storage Server\n        int ss_sock_fd = create_socket();\n        connect_to_server(ss_sock_fd, ss_ip, ss_port);\n\n        // Extract the path from the operation\n        char path[MAX_LENGTH];\n        if (sscanf(operation + 5, \"%s\", path) != 1) {\n            printf(\"Usage: TREE <path>\\n\");\n            close(ss_sock_fd);\n            continue;\n        }\n\n        // Call the handle_tree_command function\n        handle_tree_command(ss_sock_fd, path);\n\n        // Close the SS connection\n        close(ss_sock_fd);\n    }\n```\n\n**Explanation:**\n\n- **Send the `TREE` command to NM:** To get the SS IP and port.\n- **Receive and parse NM's response:** Extract the SS's IP and port from NM's response.\n- **Connect to the SS:** Establish a connection to the SS.\n- **Extract the path:** Get the path from the user's input.\n- **Call `handle_tree_command`:** Send the `TREE` command to SS and handle the response.\n- **Clean up:** Free any allocated memory and close the SS socket.\n\n### **Step 3: Ensure Send and Receive Functions are Correct**\n\n**`send_data` Function:**\n\nEnsure this function sends all data:\n\n```c\nvoid send_data(int sock_fd, char *data, size_t data_size) {\n    if (send(sock_fd, data, data_size, 0) != data_size) {\n        perror(\"Send failed\");\n        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n    }\n}\n```\n\n**`receive_data` Function:**\n\nEnsure this function reads data correctly:\n\n```c\nssize_t receive_data(int sock_fd, char *buffer, size_t buffer_size) {\n    ssize_t bytes_received = recv(sock_fd, buffer, buffer_size - 1, 0);\n    if (bytes_received < 0) {\n        perror(\"Receive failed\");\n        return -1;\n    }\n    buffer[bytes_received] = '\\0';\n    return bytes_received;\n}\n```\n\n### **Step 4: Full `main` Function with Modifications**\n\nHere's the complete `main` function with the `TREE` command integrated:\n\n```c\nint main(int argc, char *argv[]) {\n    if (argc != 3) {\n        printf(\"Usage: %s <Naming Server IP> <Port>\\n\", argv[0]);\n        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n    }\n    char *nm_IP = argv[1];\n    int nm_PORT = atoi(argv[2]);\n\n    int nm_sock_fd = create_socket();\n    connect_to_server(nm_sock_fd, nm_IP, nm_PORT);\n\n    char *operation = (char *)malloc(1024);\n    char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];\n\n    // Initial Message to confirm if connection is a client\n    send_data(nm_sock_fd, \"CLIENT\", strlen(\"CLIENT\"));\n    ssize_t bytes_received = receive_data(nm_sock_fd, buffer, BUFFER_SIZE);\n    if (bytes_received <= 0) {\n        perror(\"No response from Naming Server\");\n        close(nm_sock_fd);\n        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n    }\n    buffer[bytes_received] = '\\0';\n    printf(\"Naming Server: %s\\n\", buffer);\n\n    while (1) {\n        printf(\"Enter operation: \");\n        fgets(operation, 1024, stdin);\n        operation[strcspn(operation, \"\\n\")] = '\\0'; // Remove newline\n\n        if (strncmp(operation, \"EXIT\", 4) == 0) {\n            send_data(nm_sock_fd, operation, strlen(operation));\n            break;\n        } else if (strncmp(operation, \"READ\", 4) == 0) {\n            // Existing READ handling code...\n        } else if (strncmp(operation, \"WRITE\", 5) == 0) {\n            // Existing WRITE handling code...\n        } else if (strncmp(operation, \"TREE\", 4) == 0) {\n            // Send operation to Naming Server\n            send_data(nm_sock_fd, operation, strlen(operation));\n\n            // Receive response from NM (IP and Port of SS)\n            char *buffer = (char *)malloc(BUFFER_SIZE);\n            ssize_t bytes_received = receive_data(nm_sock_fd, buffer, BUFFER_SIZE);\n            if (bytes_received <= 0) {\n                perror(\"No response from Naming Server\");\n                free(buffer);\n                continue;\n            }\n            buffer[bytes_received] = '\\0';\n\n            // Parse the IP and Port\n            char ss_ip[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];\n            int ss_port;\n            if (sscanf(buffer, \"IP: %s Port: %d\", ss_ip, &ss_port) != 2) {\n                printf(\"Invalid response from Naming Server: %s\\n\", buffer);\n                free(buffer);\n                continue;\n            }\n            free(buffer);\n\n            printf(\"Connecting to Storage Server at %s:%d\\n\", ss_ip, ss_port);\n\n            // Connect to the Storage Server\n            int ss_sock_fd = create_socket();\n            connect_to_server(ss_sock_fd, ss_ip, ss_port);\n\n            // Extract the path from the operation\n            char path[MAX_LENGTH];\n            if (sscanf(operation + 5, \"%s\", path) != 1) {\n                printf(\"Usage: TREE <path>\\n\");\n                close(ss_sock_fd);\n                continue;\n            }\n\n            // Call the handle_tree_command function\n            handle_tree_command(ss_sock_fd, path);\n\n            // Close the SS connection\n            close(ss_sock_fd);\n        } else {\n            printf(\"Invalid operation. Please try again.\\n\");\n        }\n    }\n\n    free(operation);\n    close(nm_sock_fd);\n    return 0;\n}\n```\n\n### **Step 5: Testing the Integration**\n\n- **Compile ",
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          "value": ":**\n\n  ```bash\n  gcc -o client client.c\n  ```\n\n- **Run the Naming Server and Storage Server(s):**\n\n  Ensure the naming server and storage servers are running and correctly configured to handle the `TREE` command.\n\n- **Run the Client:**\n\n  ```bash\n  ./client <Naming Server IP> <Port>\n  ```\n\n- **Test the `TREE` Command:**\n\n  At the prompt, enter:\n\n  ```\n  Enter operation: TREE /path/to/directory\n  ```\n\n- **Observe the Output:**\n\n  The client should display the directory structure received from the storage server.\n\n---\n\n## **3. Final Notes**\n\n- **Consistency with Existing Code:**\n\n  By carefully integrating the `TREE` handling within the existing structure, we ensure minimal disruption to your original code.\n\n- **Error Handling and Edge Cases:**\n\n  - **Invalid Responses:**\n\n    Ensure that the client checks for invalid responses from the naming server and storage server.\n\n  - **Memory Management:**\n\n    Free any dynamically allocated memory (like `buffer` and `operation`) when it's no longer needed to prevent memory leaks.\n\n- **Naming Server Support:**\n\n  Ensure your `naming_server.c` correctly processes the `TREE` command and responds with the appropriate storage server information.\n\n- **Storage Server Support:**\n\n  The storage server must handle the `TREE` command as per the code you have in `storage_server.c`.\n\n- **Testing:**\n\n  Test with various paths and scenarios to ensure robustness.\n\n---\n\nBy following these steps and carefully integrating the `TREE` command into your ",
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We'll integrate the `TREE` command handling within this loop.\n\n#### **Existing Main Function Structure**\n\n```c\nint main(int argc, char *argv[]) {\n    // ... initialization and connection to NM ...\n\n    while (1) {\n        // Prompt user and get operation\n        // If operation is \"EXIT\", handle it\n        // Else, send operation to NM, receive response, and act accordingly\n    }\n\n    // Clean up and close sockets\n}\n```\n\n#### **Integrate `TREE` Command Handling**\n\nWithin the operation loop, add an `else if` block to handle the `TREE` command.\n\n```c\nwhile (1) {\n    printf(\"Enter operation: \");\n    fgets(operation, 1024, stdin);\n    operation[strcspn(operation, \"\\n\")] = '\\0'; // Remove newline character\n\n    if (strncmp(operation, \"EXIT\", 4) == 0) {\n        send_data(nm_sock_fd, operation, strlen(operation));\n        break;\n    } else if (strncmp(operation, \"READ\", 4) == 0) {\n        // Existing READ handling code...\n    } else if (strncmp(operation, \"WRITE\", 5) == 0) {\n        // Existing WRITE handling code...\n    } else if (strncmp(operation, \"TREE\", 4) == 0) {\n        // **Begin TREE Command Handling**\n\n        // Send the operation to the Naming Server\n        send_data(nm_sock_fd, operation, strlen(operation));\n\n        // Receive response from NM (IP and Port of SS)\n        char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];\n        ssize_t bytes_received = receive_data(nm_sock_fd, buffer, BUFFER_SIZE);\n        if (bytes_received <= 0) {\n            printf(\"No response from Naming Server\\n\");\n            continue;\n        }\n\n        // Parse the IP and Port\n        char ss_ip[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];\n        int ss_port;\n        if (sscanf(buffer, \"IP: %s Port: %d\", ss_ip, &ss_port) != 2) {\n            printf(\"Invalid response from Naming Server: %s\\n\", buffer);\n            continue;\n        }\n\n        printf(\"Connecting to Storage Server at %s:%d\\n\", ss_ip, ss_port);\n\n        // Connect to the Storage Server\n        int ss_sock_fd = create_socket();\n        connect_to_server(ss_sock_fd, ss_ip, ss_port);\n\n        // Extract the path from the operation\n        char path[MAX_LENGTH];\n        if (sscanf(operation + 5, \"%s\", path) != 1) {\n            printf(\"Usage: TREE <path>\\n\");\n            close(ss_sock_fd);\n            continue;\n        }\n\n        // Call the handle_tree_command function\n        handle_tree_command(ss_sock_fd, path);\n\n        // Close the SS connection\n        close(ss_sock_fd);\n    } else {\n        printf(\"Invalid operation. Please try again.\\n\");\n    }\n}\n```\n\n**Explanation:**\n\n- **Send Operation to Naming Server (NM):**\n  - We send the `TREE` operation to the NM to get the appropriate Storage Server (SS) details.\n- **Receive and Parse NM's Response:**\n  - Use `receive_data()` to get the NM's response.\n  - Parse the response to extract the SS's IP and port.\n- **Connect to SS:**\n  - Use `create_socket()` and `connect_to_server()` to establish a connection to the SS.\n- **Extract Path:**\n  - Use `sscanf()` to extract the path from the user's input.\n- **Call `handle_tree_command()`:**\n  - Pass the SS socket and path to `handle_tree_command()` to execute the operation.\n- **Cleanup:**\n  - After the operation, close the SS socket.\n\n---\n\n### **Step 5: Ensure Correct Memory Management**\n\nIn your `main()` function and elsewhere, ensure that all dynamically allocated memory is properly managed.\n\n- **Allocations:**\n  - `operation` is allocated using `malloc(1024);`\n- **Deallocations:**\n  - Free `operation` before exiting the program:\n    ```c\n    free(operation);\n    ```\n\n---\n\n### **Step 6: Verify the Functions `send_data()` and `receive_data()`\n\nEnsure your `send_data()` and `receive_data()` functions handle data transmission properly.\n\n#### **`send_data()` Revisited**\n\n```c\nvoid send_data(int sock_fd, char *data, size_t data_size) {\n    size_t total_sent = 0;\n    while (total_sent < data_size) {\n        ssize_t bytes_sent = send(sock_fd, data + total_sent, data_size - total_sent, 0);\n        if (bytes_sent <= 0) {\n            perror(\"Send failed\");\n            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n        }\n        total_sent += bytes_sent;\n    }\n}\n```\n\n- **Explanation:**\n  - Ensures that all data is sent, handling cases where `send()` might not send all bytes in one call.\n\n#### **`receive_data()` Revisited**\n\n```c\nssize_t receive_data(int sock_fd, char *buffer, size_t buffer_size) {\n    ssize_t bytes_received = recv(sock_fd, buffer, buffer_size - 1, 0);\n    if (bytes_received < 0) {\n        perror(\"Receive failed\");\n        return -1;\n    }\n    buffer[bytes_received] = '\\0';\n    return bytes_received;\n}\n```\n\n---\n\n### **Step 7: Testing the Integration**\n\nNow that the `TREE` command is integrated into your ",
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          "value": ":**\n\n   ```bash\n   gcc -o client client.c\n   ```\n\n2. **Run the Naming Server (NM):**\n\n   Ensure that your `naming_server.c` is running and properly handles the `TREE` command by providing the SS's details to the client.\n\n3. **Run a Storage Server (SS):**\n\n   The SS should be running and able to handle the `TREE` command as per your previous implementation in `storage_server.c`.\n\n4. **Run the Client:**\n\n   ```bash\n   ./client <Naming Server IP> <Port>\n   ```\n\n   Replace `<Naming Server IP>` and `<Port>` with the appropriate values.\n\n5. **Test the `TREE` Command:**\n\n   - At the prompt, enter:\n     ```\n     Enter operation: TREE /path/to/directory\n     ```\n   - Observe the directory listing output.\n\n6. **Validate the Output:**\n\n   - Ensure that the directory structure is correctly displayed.\n   - Check for any errors or unexpected behavior.\n\n---\n\n## **Final Remarks**\n\n- **Consistency with Existing Code:**\n\n  - The integration respects the existing structure of your ",
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          "value": ".\n  - All new code fits within the established patterns and functions.\n\n- **Error Handling:**\n\n  - The code checks for possible errors, such as invalid responses from the NM or issues connecting to the SS.\n  - Appropriate messages are displayed to the user when errors occur.\n\n- **Memory Management:**\n\n  - Dynamically allocated memory is freed when no longer needed.\n  - The program avoids memory leaks.\n\n- **Readability:**\n\n  - Code is properly indented and commented for clarity.\n  - Variable names are consistent and descriptive.\n\n- **Functionality:**\n\n  - The `TREE` command allows the client to request a directory listing from the SS, similar to the Linux `tree` command.\n  - The client communicates with the NM to determine which SS to contact for the requested path.\n\n---\n\n## **Complete ",
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          "value": " Snippet with `TREE` Integration**\n\nHere is the relevant portion of your ",
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          "value": " with the `TREE` command integrated:\n\n```c\n#include <stdio.h>\n#include <stdlib.h>\n#include <string.h>\n#include <unistd.h>\n#include <arpa/inet.h>\n\n#define BUFFER_SIZE 1024\n#define MAX_LENGTH 1024\n\n// Existing function definitions: create_socket, connect_to_server, send_data, receive_data\n\nvoid handle_tree_command(int socket_fd, char *path) {\n    char command[MAX_LENGTH];\n    char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];\n\n    // Prepare and send the TREE command\n    snprintf(command, MAX_LENGTH, \"TREE %s\", path);\n    send_data(socket_fd, command, strlen(command));\n\n    // Receive the directory tree from the server\n    while (1) {\n        ssize_t bytes_received = recv(socket_fd, buffer, BUFFER_SIZE - 1, 0);\n        if (bytes_received < 0) {\n            perror(\"Receive error or connection closed\");\n            break;\n        }\n        buffer[bytes_received] = '\\0';\n\n        // Check for \"END_OF_TREE\" message\n        if (strcmp(buffer, \"END_OF_TREE\") == 0) {\n            printf(\"Directory listing completed.\\n\");\n            break;\n        }\n\n        // Print the received data\n        printf(\"%s\", buffer);\n    }\n}\n\nint main(int argc, char *argv[]) {\n    if (argc != 3) {\n        printf(\"Usage: %s <Naming Server IP> <Port>\\n\", argv[0]);\n        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n    }\n    char *nm_IP = argv[1];\n    int nm_PORT = atoi(argv[2]);\n\n    int nm_sock_fd = create_socket();\n    connect_to_server(nm_sock_fd, nm_IP, nm_PORT);\n\n    char *operation = (char *)malloc(1024);\n    char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];\n\n    // Initial Message to confirm if connection is a client\n    send_data(nm_sock_fd, \"CLIENT\", strlen(\"CLIENT\"));\n    ssize_t bytes_received = receive_data(nm_sock_fd, buffer, BUFFER_SIZE);\n    if (bytes_received <= 0) {\n        perror(\"No response from Naming Server\");\n        close(nm_sock_fd);\n        free(operation);\n        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n    }\n    buffer[bytes_received] = '\\0';\n    printf(\"Naming Server: %s\\n\", buffer);\n\n    while (1) {\n        printf(\"Enter operation: \");\n        fgets(operation, 1024, stdin);\n        operation[strcspn(operation, \"\\n\")] = '\\0'; // Remove newline\n\n        if (strncmp(operation, \"EXIT\", 4) == 0) {\n            send_data(nm_sock_fd, operation, strlen(operation));\n            break;\n        } else if (strncmp(operation, \"READ\", 4) == 0) {\n            // Existing READ handling code...\n        } else if (strncmp(operation, \"WRITE\", 5) == 0) {\n            // Existing WRITE handling code...\n        } else if (strncmp(operation, \"TREE\", 4) == 0) {\n            // Send the operation to the Naming Server\n            send_data(nm_sock_fd, operation, strlen(operation));\n\n            // Receive response from NM (IP and Port of SS)\n            bytes_received = receive_data(nm_sock_fd, buffer, BUFFER_SIZE);\n            if (bytes_received <= 0) {\n                printf(\"No response from Naming Server\\n\");\n                continue;\n            }\n            buffer[bytes_received] = '\\0';\n\n            // Parse the IP and Port\n            char ss_ip[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];\n            int ss_port;\n            if (sscanf(buffer, \"IP: %s Port: %d\", ss_ip, &ss_port) != 2) {\n                printf(\"Invalid response from Naming Server: %s\\n\", buffer);\n                continue;\n            }\n\n            printf(\"Connecting to Storage Server at %s:%d\\n\", ss_ip, ss_port);\n\n            // Connect to the Storage Server\n            int ss_sock_fd = create_socket();\n            connect_to_server(ss_sock_fd, ss_ip, ss_port);\n\n            // Extract the path from the operation\n            char path[MAX_LENGTH];\n            if (sscanf(operation + 5, \"%s\", path) != 1) {\n                printf(\"Usage: TREE <path>\\n\");\n                close(ss_sock_fd);\n                continue;\n            }\n\n            // Call the handle_tree_command function\n            handle_tree_command(ss_sock_fd, path);\n\n            // Close the SS connection\n            close(ss_sock_fd);\n        } else {\n            printf(\"Invalid operation. Please try again.\\n\");\n        }\n    }\n\n    free(operation);\n    close(nm_sock_fd);\n    return 0;\n}\n```\n\n---\n\n## **Conclusion**\n\nBy carefully reviewing your ",
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        "text": " why does the storage server require a new connection to be communicated to by the naming server? why dont we just use the same sockets we create initially? please look into this and update my implementation of storage_server.c",
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          "value": " to reuse existing sockets or adjust the implementation to avoid unnecessary socket creation.\n\n---\n\n## **Understanding the Current Implementation**\n\n### **1. Current Workflow**\n\n- **Storage Server (SS):**\n  - Starts up and needs to register itself with the Naming Server (NM) to make its services available to clients.\n  - Creates a socket specifically for this purpose in the `register_with_nm` function.\n  - Connects to the NM using this socket, sends registration details, and then closes the socket.\n\n- **Naming Server (NM):**\n  - Accepts the registration from the SS.\n  - Keeps track of available storage servers and their accessible paths.\n\n### **2. Why a New Socket is Created**\n\n- **Separation of Concerns:**\n  - The SS typically has a listening socket that waits for client connections (e.g., to handle `READ`, `WRITE`, `TREE` commands).\n  - The communication with the NM is a different type of interaction—it is an outbound connection initiated by the SS to the NM.\n  \n- **Temporary Connection:**\n  - The registration process is usually a one-time, short-lived communication.\n  - After sending the registration details, the SS doesn't need to keep the connection open unless further communication with the NM is required.\n\n- **No Existing Socket to NM:**\n  - The SS doesn't have an existing persistent connection to the NM when it starts.\n  - The socket used for client interactions cannot be used to initiate connections to other servers (like the NM).\n\n---\n\n## **Can We Reuse the Same Socket?**\n\n### **1. Possibility of Reusing Sockets**\n\n- **Persistent Connection:**\n  - **Option 1:** Maintain a persistent connection to the NM throughout the lifetime of the SS.\n  - **Option 2:** Use the same socket for multiple communications during the SS's operation.\n\n### **2. Pros and Cons**\n\n- **Pros of Reusing the Same Socket:**\n  - **Efficiency:** Reduces the overhead of creating and closing sockets multiple times.\n  - **Simplicity:** Simplifies the code by managing fewer sockets.\n\n- **Cons of Reusing the Same Socket:**\n  - **Resource Usage:** Keeping a socket open consumes system resources.\n  - **Complexity:** Requires handling reconnections if the NM restarts or the connection drops.\n  - **Design Considerations:** The NM may not expect or handle persistent connections properly.\n\n---\n\n## **Recommendation**\n\nGiven that the SS only needs to register once at startup (or occasionally update its registration), creating a new socket when needed is acceptable and common practice.\n\nHowever, if your application requires frequent communication between the SS and NM, or if you prefer to maintain a persistent connection, we can modify the implementation accordingly.\n\n---\n\n## **Updating ",
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          "value": " to Reuse an Existing Socket**\n\n### **1. Modifying the Storage Server to Maintain a Persistent Connection**\n\n- **Establish a Connection to the NM at Startup:**\n  - Create a socket and connect to the NM when the SS starts.\n  - Store this socket for future communications.\n\n- **Use the Same Socket for Communications:**\n  - Reuse the stored socket whenever the SS needs to communicate with the NM.\n  - Ensure proper error handling if the connection drops or the NM disconnects.\n\n### **2. Updated Implementation**\n\nLet's modify your ",
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          "value": " to maintain a persistent connection to the NM.\n\n---\n\n### **Step-by-Step Code Updates**\n\n#### **A. Modify Global Variables**\n\nAdd a global variable to store the NM socket:\n\n```c\nint nm_sock_fd; // Socket file descriptor for the Naming Server\n```\n\n#### **B. Update `register_with_nm` Function**\n\nModify the `register_with_nm` function to use the persistent socket.\n\n**Before:**\n\n```c\nvoid register_with_nm(char *nm_ip, int nm_port, int nm_conn_port, int client_port, int ss_id) {\n    int sock;\n    struct sockaddr_in nm_addr;\n    char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];\n    // ... rest of the code\n}\n```\n\n**After:**\n\n```c\nvoid register_with_nm(char *nm_ip, int nm_port, int nm_conn_port, int client_port, int ss_id) {\n    struct sockaddr_in nm_addr;\n    char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];\n    char local_ip[NI_MAXHOST];\n\n    // Get local IP\n    get_local_ip(local_ip);\n\n    // Prepare NM address\n    nm_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;\n    nm_addr.sin_port = htons(nm_port);\n\n    if (inet_pton(AF_INET, nm_ip, &nm_addr.sin_addr) <= 0) {\n        perror(\"Invalid NM address\");\n        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n    }\n\n    // Connect to NM using the persistent socket\n    if (connect(nm_sock_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&nm_addr, sizeof(nm_addr)) < 0) {\n        perror(\"Connection to Naming Server failed\");\n        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n    }\n\n    // Build registration message\n    snprintf(buffer, BUFFER_SIZE, \"REGISTER SS_ID:%d IP:%s PORT:%d\\n\", ss_id, local_ip, client_port);\n\n    // Send registration details to NM\n    if (send(nm_sock_fd, buffer, strlen(buffer), 0) != strlen(buffer)) {\n        perror(\"Registration send failed\");\n        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n    }\n\n    // Optionally receive acknowledgment from NM\n    // ... (add code to receive acknowledgment if necessary)\n}\n```\n\n#### **C. Initialize the Persistent Socket at Startup**\n\nIn your `main` function, before calling `register_with_nm`, create the socket:\n\n```c\nint main(int argc, char *argv[]) {\n    // ... existing code ...\n\n    // Create the persistent socket for NM communication\n    nm_sock_fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);\n    if (nm_sock_fd < 0) {\n        perror(\"Socket creation failed\");\n        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n    }\n\n    // Register with NM\n    register_with_nm(nm_ip, nm_port, server_port, client_port, ss_id);\n\n    // ... rest of the code ...\n}\n```\n\n#### **D. Keep the Connection Open**\n\nSince we're now maintaining a persistent connection to the NM, we need to handle the socket appropriately throughout the server's lifetime.\n\n- **Optionally Handle NM Communication Later:**\n  - If the SS needs to communicate with the NM again (e.g., updating registration), it can use `nm_sock_fd`.\n\n- **Closing the Socket on Exit:**\n\nEnsure the `nm_sock_fd` is closed when the storage server is shutting down.\n\n```c\nvoid cleanup() {\n    // ... other cleanup code ...\n    close(nm_sock_fd);\n}\n```\n\nCall `cleanup()` when exiting the program.\n\n#### **E. Error Handling for Disconnections**\n\nIf the NM disconnects or the connection drops, the SS should be able to detect it and attempt to reconnect if necessary.\n\nImplement error checking after sending or receiving data over `nm_sock_fd`.\n\n---\n\n### **3. Potential Challenges**\n\n- **Handling NM Restarts:**\n  - If the NM restarts or the connection is lost, the SS needs to detect this and attempt to reconnect and re-register.\n\n- **Synchronization:**\n  - If multiple storage servers are connecting to the NM simultaneously, ensure that the NM can handle multiple persistent connections.\n\n- **Thread Safety:**\n  - If the SS uses multiple threads that need to communicate with the NM, proper synchronization around the shared socket is necessary.\n\n---\n\n## **Updated ",
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          "value": " Code Excerpt**\n\nHere's the updated code snippet incorporating the changes:\n\n```c\n#include <stdio.h>\n#include <stdlib.h>\n#include <string.h>\n#include <unistd.h>\n#include <arpa/inet.h>\n// ... other includes ...\n\n#define BUFFER_SIZE 1024\n\nint nm_sock_fd; // Persistent socket for NM communication\n\n// Function to get the local IP address\nvoid get_local_ip(char *ip_buffer) {\n    // ... existing implementation ...\n}\n\n// Function to register with the NM using a persistent connection\nvoid register_with_nm(char *nm_ip, int nm_port, int client_port, int ss_id) {\n    struct sockaddr_in nm_addr;\n    char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];\n    char local_ip[NI_MAXHOST];\n\n    // Get local IP\n    get_local_ip(local_ip);\n\n    // Prepare NM address\n    nm_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;\n    nm_addr.sin_port = htons(nm_port);\n\n    if (inet_pton(AF_INET, nm_ip, &nm_addr.sin_addr) <= 0) {\n        perror(\"Invalid NM address\");\n        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n    }\n\n    // Connect to NM using the persistent socket\n    if (connect(nm_sock_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&nm_addr, sizeof(nm_addr)) < 0) {\n        perror(\"Connection to Naming Server failed\");\n        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n    }\n\n    // Build registration message\n    snprintf(buffer, BUFFER_SIZE, \"REGISTER SS_ID:%d IP:%s PORT:%d\\n\", ss_id, local_ip, client_port);\n\n    // Send registration details to NM\n    if (send(nm_sock_fd, buffer, strlen(buffer), 0) != strlen(buffer)) {\n        perror(\"Registration send failed\");\n        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n    }\n\n    // Optionally receive acknowledgment from NM\n    // ... (add code to receive acknowledgment if necessary)\n}\n\n// Main function\nint main(int argc, char *argv[]) {\n    // Parse arguments and initialize variables\n    // ...\n\n    // Create the persistent socket\n    nm_sock_fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);\n    if (nm_sock_fd < 0) {\n        perror(\"Socket creation failed\");\n        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n    }\n\n    // Register with NM\n    register_with_nm(nm_ip, nm_port, client_port, ss_id);\n\n    // Start the server to accept client connections\n    // ...\n\n    // On exit, close the NM socket\n    close(nm_sock_fd);\n\n    return 0;\n}\n```\n\n---\n\n## **Conclusion**\n\n- **Why a New Socket Was Used Initially:**\n  - The initial implementation used a new socket for registering with the NM because it was a one-time, short-lived connection, and the SS did not maintain a persistent connection.\n\n- **Reusing the Same Socket:**\n  - By making `nm_sock_fd` a persistent connection, we eliminate the need to create a new socket each time we communicate with the NM.\n\n- **Updated Implementation:**\n  - The SS now establishes a persistent connection to the NM at startup.\n  - The same socket `nm_sock_fd` is used for all communications with the NM.\n  - Proper error handling and cleanup are implemented.\n\n---\n\n**Important Notes:**\n\n- **Error Handling:**\n  - Ensure that you handle cases where the NM disconnects. The SS should attempt to reconnect and re-register if necessary.\n\n- **Thread Safety:**\n  - If multiple threads in the SS need to communicate with the NM, use synchronization mechanisms (like mutexes) around `nm_sock_fd`.\n\n- **NM Expectations:**\n  - Verify that the NM can handle persistent connections and that it doesn’t expect connections to be closed after each communication.\n\n- **Testing:**\n  - Thoroughly test the updated implementation to ensure that the SS can register with the NM and that communication remains stable over time.\n\n---\n\n**Let me know if you need further assistance or clarification on any part of this implementation!**",
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        "text": "read through my storage_server.c and re-implement my copy function from scratch. i don't need the implementation in client and naming server to change, but consider the following. this is how copy is supposed to work:\nClient : COPY <source> <dest>\nNS looks whether the given source and destination paths is available .(Handle all the different types of source and destination paths possible)\nHandle how you want to do copy operation between different SSs or among same SS\nDestination SS sends acknowledgement to NM.\nNM sends acknowledgment to Client.\n\nhere source is a file path OR a directory path and dest is a FOLDER path, and not another file path. we are only copying files and folders to other folders under our accesible path. note the instructions:\nCopying Files/Directories Between Storage Servers:\nClient Request: Clients can request to copy files or directories between SS by providing both the source and destination paths.The NM, upon receiving this request, assumes responsibility for managing the file/folder transfer between the relevant SS.\nNM Execution: The NM orchestrates the copying process, ensuring that data is transferred accurately. This operation may involve copying data from one SS to another, even if both source and destination paths lie within the same SS.\nAcknowledgment and Client Notification: Upon the successful completion of the copy operation, the NM sends an acknowledgment (ACK) packet to the client. This ACK serves as confirmation that the requested data transfer has been successfully executed.\n\nright now, my dest_fd is coming out to be -1 and the perror Open destination file: Is a directory is printing. fix this.",
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            "text": "read through my storage_server.c and re-implement my copy function from scratch. i don't need the implementation in client and naming server to change, but consider the following. this is how copy is supposed to work:\nClient : COPY <source> <dest>\nNS looks whether the given source and destination paths is available .(Handle all the different types of source and destination paths possible)\nHandle how you want to do copy operation between different SSs or among same SS\nDestination SS sends acknowledgement to NM.\nNM sends acknowledgment to Client.\n\nhere source is a file path OR a directory path and dest is a FOLDER path, and not another file path. we are only copying files and folders to other folders under our accesible path. note the instructions:\nCopying Files/Directories Between Storage Servers:\nClient Request: Clients can request to copy files or directories between SS by providing both the source and destination paths.The NM, upon receiving this request, assumes responsibility for managing the file/folder transfer between the relevant SS.\nNM Execution: The NM orchestrates the copying process, ensuring that data is transferred accurately. This operation may involve copying data from one SS to another, even if both source and destination paths lie within the same SS.\nAcknowledgment and Client Notification: Upon the successful completion of the copy operation, the NM sends an acknowledgment (ACK) packet to the client. This ACK serves as confirmation that the requested data transfer has been successfully executed.\n\nright now, my dest_fd is coming out to be -1 and the perror Open destination file: Is a directory is printing. fix this.",
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          "value": " from scratch according to your specifications and fix the issue where `dest_fd` is `-1` with the error \"Open destination file: Is a directory\".\n\n---\n\n### **Implementation Overview**\n\n- **Client Command:** `COPY <source> <dest>`\n- **Operation Flow:**\n  - **Client:** Sends the `COPY` command to the Naming Server (NS).\n  - **Naming Server (NS):**\n    - Checks if the source and destination paths are available.\n    - Orchestrates the copy operation between the relevant Storage Servers (SSs).\n  - **Storage Server (SS):**\n    - Receives the `COPY` command from the NS.\n    - Performs the copy operation.\n    - Sends acknowledgment to the NS.\n  - **NS:** Sends acknowledgment to the client.\n\n- **Copy Conditions:**\n  - **Source Path:** Can be a file or directory.\n  - **Destination Path:** Must be a directory (folder) under the accessible paths.\n  - **Accessible Paths:** The operation is limited to paths within the SS's accessible paths.\n  - **Copy Scenarios:**\n    - Copying within the same SS.\n    - Copying between different SSs.\n\n---\n\n### **Re-implementing the `COPY` Function in ",
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          "value": "**\n\n#### **1. Modify the `client_handle` Function**\n\nAdd an `else if` block to handle the `COPY` command.\n\n```c\nvoid *client_handle(void *arg) {\n    int new_socket = *(int *)arg;\n    free(arg);\n    char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];\n\n    while (1) {\n        memset(buffer, 0, BUFFER_SIZE);\n        ssize_t bytes_received = recv(new_socket, buffer, BUFFER_SIZE - 1, 0);\n        if (bytes_received <= 0) {\n            perror(\"Receive error or client disconnected\");\n            close(new_socket);\n            pthread_exit(NULL);\n        }\n        buffer[bytes_received] = '\\0';\n\n        if (strncmp(buffer, \"COPY\", 4) == 0) {\n            handle_copy_command(buffer + 5, new_socket); // Pass the command arguments\n        }\n        // ... handle other commands ...\n        else {\n            char *error_msg = \"ERROR: Invalid command\\n\";\n            send(new_socket, error_msg, strlen(error_msg), 0);\n        }\n    }\n\n    close(new_socket);\n    return NULL;\n}\n```\n\n#### **2. Implement the `handle_copy_command` Function**\n\n```c\nvoid handle_copy_command(char *args, int client_socket) {\n    char source_path[MAX_LENGTH];\n    char dest_path[MAX_LENGTH];\n\n    // Parse source and destination paths\n    if (sscanf(args, \"%s %s\", source_path, dest_path) != 2) {\n        char *error_msg = \"ERROR: Usage COPY <source> <dest>\\n\";\n        send(client_socket, error_msg, strlen(error_msg), 0);\n        return;\n    }\n\n    // Resolve absolute paths and validate accessibility\n    char resolved_source[PATH_MAX];\n    char resolved_dest[PATH_MAX];\n\n    if (!realpath(source_path, resolved_source) || !is_path_accessible(resolved_source)) {\n        char *error_msg = \"ERROR: Source path is not accessible\\n\";\n        send(client_socket, error_msg, strlen(error_msg), 0);\n        return;\n    }\n\n    if (!realpath(dest_path, resolved_dest) || !is_path_accessible(resolved_dest)) {\n        char *error_msg = \"ERROR: Destination path is not accessible\\n\";\n        send(client_socket, error_msg, strlen(error_msg), 0);\n        return;\n    }\n\n    struct stat src_stat;\n    if (stat(resolved_source, &src_stat) != 0) {\n        char error_msg[BUFFER_SIZE];\n        snprintf(error_msg, sizeof(error_msg), \"ERROR: Cannot access source: %s\\n\", strerror(errno));\n        send(client_socket, error_msg, strlen(error_msg), 0);\n        return;\n    }\n\n    // Perform the copy operation\n    int result;\n    if (S_ISREG(src_stat.st_mode)) {\n        // Source is a file\n        result = copy_file(resolved_source, resolved_dest);\n    } else if (S_ISDIR(src_stat.st_mode)) {\n        // Source is a directory\n        result = copy_directory(resolved_source, resolved_dest);\n    } else {\n        char *error_msg = \"ERROR: Source is neither a file nor a directory\\n\";\n        send(client_socket, error_msg, strlen(error_msg), 0);\n        return;\n    }\n\n    if (result == 0) {\n        char *success_msg = \"COPY operation completed successfully\\n\";\n        send(client_socket, success_msg, strlen(success_msg), 0);\n    } else {\n        char *error_msg = \"ERROR: COPY operation failed\\n\";\n        send(client_socket, error_msg, strlen(error_msg), 0);\n    }\n}\n```\n\n#### **3. Implement the `copy_file` Function**\n\n```c\nint copy_file(const char *source_path, const char *dest_path) {\n    int source_fd = open(source_path, O_RDONLY);\n    if (source_fd < 0) {\n        perror(\"Open source file\");\n        return -1;\n    }\n\n    struct stat dest_stat;\n    if (stat(dest_path, &dest_stat) != 0) {\n        perror(\"Destination path\");\n        close(source_fd);\n        return -1;\n    }\n\n    if (!S_ISDIR(dest_stat.st_mode)) {\n        fprintf(stderr, \"Destination is not a directory\\n\");\n        close(source_fd);\n        return -1;\n    }\n\n    // Get the base name of the source file\n    const char *filename = strrchr(source_path, '/');\n    filename = filename ? filename + 1 : source_path;\n\n    // Construct the full destination file path\n    char dest_file_path[PATH_MAX];\n    snprintf(dest_file_path, sizeof(dest_file_path), \"%s/%s\", dest_path, filename);\n\n    int dest_fd = open(dest_file_path, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, 0644);\n    if (dest_fd < 0) {\n        perror(\"Open destination file\");\n        close(source_fd);\n        return -1;\n    }\n\n    char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];\n    ssize_t bytes_read;\n    while ((bytes_read = read(source_fd, buffer, sizeof(buffer))) > 0) {\n        ssize_t bytes_written = write(dest_fd, buffer, bytes_read);\n        if (bytes_written != bytes_read) {\n            perror(\"Write to destination file\");\n            close(source_fd);\n            close(dest_fd);\n            return -1;\n        }\n    }\n\n    if (bytes_read < 0) {\n        perror(\"Read from source file\");\n    }\n\n    close(source_fd);\n    close(dest_fd);\n\n    return (bytes_read < 0) ? -1 : 0;\n}\n```\n\n#### **4. Implement the `copy_directory` Function**\n\n```c\nint copy_directory(const char *source_path, const char *dest_path) {\n    DIR *dir = opendir(source_path);\n    if (!dir) {\n        perror(\"Open source directory\");\n        return -1;\n    }\n\n    // Get the base name of the source directory\n    const char *dir_name = strrchr(source_path, '/');\n    dir_name = dir_name ? dir_name + 1 : source_path;\n\n    // Construct the destination directory path\n    char dest_dir_path[PATH_MAX];\n    snprintf(dest_dir_path, sizeof(dest_dir_path), \"%s/%s\", dest_path, dir_name);\n\n    // Create the destination directory\n    if (mkdir(dest_dir_path, 0755) != 0 && errno != EEXIST) {\n        perror(\"Create destination directory\");\n        closedir(dir);\n        return -1;\n    }\n\n    struct dirent *entry;\n    while ((entry = readdir(dir)) != NULL) {\n        // Skip \".\" and \"..\"\n        if (strcmp(entry->d_name, \".\") == 0 || strcmp(entry->d_name, \"..\") == 0) {\n            continue;\n        }\n\n        // Construct full source and destination paths\n        char src_entry_path[PATH_MAX];\n        char dest_entry_path[PATH_MAX];\n        snprintf(src_entry_path, sizeof(src_entry_path), \"%s/%s\", source_path, entry->d_name);\n        snprintf(dest_entry_path, sizeof(dest_entry_path), \"%s/%s\", dest_dir_path, entry->d_name);\n\n        struct stat entry_stat;\n        if (stat(src_entry_path, &entry_stat) != 0) {\n            perror(\"Stat source entry\");\n            closedir(dir);\n            return -1;\n        }\n\n        if (S_ISREG(entry_stat.st_mode)) {\n            // Copy the file\n            if (copy_file(src_entry_path, dest_dir_path) != 0) {\n                closedir(dir);\n                return -1;\n            }\n        } else if (S_ISDIR(entry_stat.st_mode)) {\n            // Recursively copy the directory\n            if (copy_directory(src_entry_path, dest_dir_path) != 0) {\n                closedir(dir);\n                return -1;\n            }\n        }\n    }\n\n    closedir(dir);\n    return 0;\n}\n```\n\n#### **5. Implement the `is_path_accessible` Function**\n\n```c\nint is_path_accessible(const char *path) {\n    extern char **accessible_paths;\n    extern int accessible_paths_count;\n    char resolved_path[PATH_MAX];\n\n    if (!realpath(path, resolved_path)) {\n        perror(\"realpath\");\n        return 0;\n    }\n\n    for (int i = 0; i < accessible_paths_count; i++) {\n        char resolved_accessible[PATH_MAX];\n        if (!realpath(accessible_paths[i], resolved_accessible)) {\n            continue;\n        }\n        if (strstr(resolved_path, resolved_accessible) == resolved_path) {\n            return 1;\n        }\n    }\n    return 0;\n}\n```\n\n---\n\n### **Fixing the \"Open destination file: Is a directory\" Error**\n\nThe error occurs because you're trying to open a destination file using a path that is a directory, not a file. In the `copy_file` function, ensure that:\n\n- **Destination Path is a Directory:** Verify that the destination path is a directory.\n- **Construct the Full Destination File Path:** Append the source filename to the destination directory path to create the full destination file path.\n\nIn the `copy_file` function, this line constructs the correct destination file path:\n\n```c\nsnprintf(dest_file_path, sizeof(dest_file_path), \"%s/%s\", dest_path, filename);\n```\n\n---\n\n### **Complete Implementation Steps**\n\n1. **Modify Global Variables:**\n\n   - Ensure you have `accessible_paths` and `accessible_paths_count` defined globally to check path accessibility.\n\n2. **Update the `client_handle` Function:**\n\n   - Add the `COPY` command handling as shown above.\n\n3. **Implement Helper Functions:**\n\n   - `handle_copy_command`\n   - `copy_file`\n   - `copy_directory`\n   - `is_path_accessible`\n\n4. **Error Handling:**\n\n   - Use detailed error messages to help debug any issues.\n   - Use `perror` to print system error messages.\n\n---\n\n### **Testing the Implementation**\n\n- **Compile ",
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        "text": "ok no we need to simplify this implementation by a  lot. here is what we are going to do. you need to be familiar with the implementations of all three files: client, naming server and storage server. here are the details of my implementation. we case-ify the copy function. in client.c, right after qe check for exit command, we execute send_data(nm_sock_fd, operation, strlen(operation));. in the function process_client_request in naming_server.c, we create a separate else if condition for create instead of using     if(strcmp(operation, \"CREATE\") == 0 || strcmp(operation, \"DELETE\") == 0 || strcmp(operation, \"COPY\") == 0) {//code}. also even before this condition, during the parsing of the message, create separate cases for copy where we parse one more path (for destination). then in our copy case below, we handle the copy function. implement your recursive copy file copy directory functions or whatever you need to get it to work. don't worry about even bringing in the storage server at this point. just copy from the source to the destination for now, that's all you need to do.\nremember the correct syntax for copy is COPY <source> <dest>",
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          "value": "Certainly! I'll help you integrate the backup and redundancy features into your existing ",
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          "value": " code, ensuring that the implementation aligns with your current codebase and avoids redundancy.\n\n---\n\n### **Understanding Your Existing Implementation**\n\nYour ",
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          "value": " includes:\n\n- **Storage Server Registration**: Storage servers register with the naming server, providing their ID, IP, ports, and accessible paths.\n- **Client Requests Handling**: Clients send operations (`CREATE`, `DELETE`, `COPY`, etc.), which are processed and forwarded to the appropriate storage server.\n- **Cache Mechanism**: An LRU cache is implemented to map file paths to storage servers for quick lookups.\n- **Trie Structure**: Used to manage file paths and associate them with storage servers.\n- **Logging**: Messages are logged to `log.txt` for debugging and auditing.\n\n---\n\n### **Implementing Backup and Redundancy**\n\nWe need to implement:\n\n1. **Failure Detection**\n2. **Replication**\n3. **Asynchronous Duplication**\n4. **Storage Server (SS) Recovery**\n\nI'll show you how to integrate each feature into your existing code without redundant code.\n\n---\n\n### **1. Failure Detection**\n\n**Objective**: Detect when a storage server fails.\n\n**Implementation Steps**:\n\n- **Add a Heartbeat Mechanism**: Storage servers periodically send a heartbeat message to the naming server to indicate they're alive.\n\n#### **a. Modify `StorageServer` Structure**\n\nAdd a `last_heartbeat` timestamp and an `is_active` flag.\n\n```c\ntypedef struct StorageServer {\n    int id;\n    char ip[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];\n    int client_port;  // Port for client communication\n    int ss_socket;    // Socket descriptor for NM-SS communication\n    int nm_port;\n    int num_paths;\n    char paths[MAX_PATH_ENTRIES][MAX_LENGTH];\n    bool running;\n\n    // Add these fields:\n    time_t last_heartbeat;\n    bool is_active;\n} StorageServer;\n```\n\n#### **b. Storage Server Sends Heartbeats**\n\nModify `storage_server.c` to send heartbeat messages.\n\n```c\n// In storage_server.c\nvoid *heartbeat_thread(void *arg) {\n    while (1) {\n        char heartbeat_msg[MAX_LENGTH];\n        snprintf(heartbeat_msg, sizeof(heartbeat_msg), \"HEARTBEAT %d\", ss_id);\n        send_data(nm_sock_fd, heartbeat_msg, strlen(heartbeat_msg));\n        sleep(5);  // Send heartbeat every 5 seconds\n    }\n    return NULL;\n}\n\n// In main function of storage_server.c\npthread_t heartbeat_tid;\npthread_create(&heartbeat_tid, NULL, heartbeat_thread, NULL);\n```\n\n#### **c. Naming Server Handles Heartbeats**\n\nIn ",
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          "value": ", update the storage server's `last_heartbeat` when a heartbeat is received.\n\n```c\n// In process_storage_server_message function\nelse if (strncmp(message, \"HEARTBEAT\", 9) == 0) {\n    int ss_id;\n    sscanf(message, \"HEARTBEAT %d\", &ss_id);\n    StorageServer *ss = storage_servers[ss_id];\n    if (ss != NULL) {\n        ss->last_heartbeat = time(NULL);\n        ss->is_active = true;\n    }\n}\n```\n\n#### **d. Monitoring Thread to Detect Failures**\n\nAdd a thread that periodically checks for storage servers that haven't sent heartbeats within a timeout (e.g., 15 seconds) and marks them as inactive.\n\n```c\nvoid *monitor_storage_servers(void *arg) {\n    while (1) {\n        time_t now = time(NULL);\n        for (int i = 0; i < MAX_STORAGE_SERVERS; i++) {\n            StorageServer *ss = storage_servers[i];\n            if (ss != NULL && ss->is_active && difftime(now, ss->last_heartbeat) > 15) {\n                ss->is_active = false;\n                printf(\"Storage Server %d is inactive\\n\", ss->id);\n                log_message(\"Storage Server %d marked as inactive\", ss->id);\n            }\n        }\n        sleep(5);  // Check every 5 seconds\n    }\n    return NULL;\n}\n\n// At the end of main function, start the monitoring thread\npthread_t monitor_tid;\npthread_create(&monitor_tid, NULL, monitor_storage_servers, NULL);\n```\n\n---\n\n### **2. Replication**\n\n**Objective**: Duplicate every file and folder on a storage server to two other storage servers when the number of storage servers exceeds two.\n\n#### **a. Update File Path Management**\n\nModify your trie or another data structure to keep track of multiple storage servers for each file path.\n\n```c\ntypedef struct FileEntry {\n    char path[MAX_LENGTH];\n    int ss_ids[3];  // Primary and two replicas\n} FileEntry;\n\nFileEntry file_entries[MAX_PATH_ENTRIES];\nint num_file_entries = 0;\n```\n\n#### **b. Modify `process_client_request` for Write Operations**\n\nWhen a client sends a `CREATE` or `WRITE` operation:\n\n- **Select Two Replica Storage Servers**: Choose two other active storage servers to store replicas.\n\n```c\nint select_replica_servers(int primary_ss_id, int *replica_ss_ids) {\n    int count = 0;\n    for (int i = 0; i < MAX_STORAGE_SERVERS && count < 2; i++) {\n        StorageServer *ss = storage_servers[i];\n        if (ss != NULL && ss->is_active && ss->id != primary_ss_id) {\n            replica_ss_ids[count++] = ss->id;\n        }\n    }\n    return count;\n}\n```\n\n- **Send Write Command to Primary Storage Server**: As per existing implementation.\n\n- **Asynchronously Send Write Command to Replica Storage Servers**: Without waiting for acknowledgments.\n\n#### **c. Implement Asynchronous Duplication**\n\nCreate a function to replicate the write operation to replica storage servers asynchronously.\n\n```c\ntypedef struct ReplicationArgs {\n    char message[MAX_LENGTH];\n    int ss_id;\n} ReplicationArgs;\n\nvoid *replicate_write(void *args) {\n    ReplicationArgs *rep_args = (ReplicationArgs *)args;\n    StorageServer *ss = storage_servers[rep_args->ss_id];\n    if (ss != NULL && ss->is_active) {\n        int ss_sock_fd = create_socket();\n\n        struct sockaddr_in ss_addr;\n        memset(&ss_addr, 0, sizeof(ss_addr));\n        ss_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;\n        ss_addr.sin_port = htons(ss->nm_port);\n\n        if (inet_pton(AF_INET, ss->ip, &ss_addr.sin_addr) <= 0) {\n            perror(\"Invalid storage server address\");\n            close(ss_sock_fd);\n            free(rep_args);\n            return NULL;\n        }\n\n        if (connect(ss_sock_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&ss_addr, sizeof(ss_addr)) < 0) {\n            perror(\"Connection to storage server failed\");\n            close(ss_sock_fd);\n            free(rep_args);\n            return NULL;\n        }\n\n        send_data(ss_sock_fd, rep_args->message, strlen(rep_args->message));\n        close(ss_sock_fd);\n    }\n    free(rep_args);\n    return NULL;\n}\n```\n\n- **In `process_client_request`**, after handling the primary write:\n\n```c\nif (strcmp(operation, \"CREATE\") == 0 || strcmp(operation, \"DELETE\") == 0) {\n    // Existing code to send to primary storage server\n\n    // Select replica storage servers\n    int replica_ss_ids[2];\n    int num_replicas = select_replica_servers(ss->id, replica_ss_ids);\n\n    for (int i = 0; i < num_replicas; i++) {\n        ReplicationArgs *rep_args = malloc(sizeof(ReplicationArgs));\n        strcpy(rep_args->message, message_dup);\n        rep_args->ss_id = replica_ss_ids[i];\n\n        pthread_t rep_thread;\n        pthread_create(&rep_thread, NULL, replicate_write, (void *)rep_args);\n        pthread_detach(rep_thread);\n    }\n\n    // Update file_entries\n    FileEntry *entry = NULL;\n    for (int i = 0; i < num_file_entries; i++) {\n        if (strcmp(file_entries[i].path, path) == 0) {\n            entry = &file_entries[i];\n            break;\n        }\n    }\n    if (entry == NULL) {\n        // New file entry\n        entry = &file_entries[num_file_entries++];\n        strcpy(entry->path, path);\n        entry->ss_ids[0] = ss->id;\n        entry->ss_ids[1] = (num_replicas > 0) ? replica_ss_ids[0] : -1;\n        entry->ss_ids[2] = (num_replicas > 1) ? replica_ss_ids[1] : -1;\n    }\n} else {\n    // Other operations\n}\n```\n\n#### **d. Modify `get_ss_for_path` Function**\n\nUpdate the function to return an array of storage servers for a given path.\n\n```c\nStorageServer** get_ss_for_path(char *file_path, int *num_servers) {\n    for (int i = 0; i < num_file_entries; i++) {\n        if (strcmp(file_entries[i].path, file_path) == 0) {\n            StorageServer **servers = malloc(3 * sizeof(StorageServer *));\n            *num_servers = 0;\n            for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {\n                int ss_id = file_entries[i].ss_ids[j];\n                if (ss_id != -1) {\n                    StorageServer *ss = storage_servers[ss_id];\n                    if (ss != NULL && ss->is_active) {\n                        servers[(*num_servers)++] = ss;\n                    }\n                }\n            }\n            return servers;\n        }\n    }\n    *num_servers = 0;\n    return NULL;\n}\n```\n\n---\n\n### **3. Handling Read Operations**\n\nWhen a client sends a `READ` operation, the naming server should:\n\n- Return the IP and port of an active storage server that has the requested file.\n- If the primary server is inactive, return one of the replicas.\n\nModify the part of `process_client_request` handling `READ`:\n\n```c\nelse if (strcmp(operation, \"READ\") == 0) {\n    int num_servers;\n    StorageServer **servers = get_ss_for_path(path, &num_servers);\n    if (servers != NULL && num_servers > 0) {\n        // Return the first available storage server\n        StorageServer *ss = servers[0];\n        char response[MAX_LENGTH];\n        snprintf(response, sizeof(response), \"IP: %s Port: %d\", ss->ip, ss->client_port);\n        send_data(sock_fd, response, strlen(response));\n        free(servers);\n    } else {\n        send_data(sock_fd, \"ERROR: File not found or no active storage servers\", 51);\n    }\n}\n```\n\n---\n\n### **4. Storage Server Recovery**\n\nWhen an inactive storage server reconnects:\n\n- **Mark it as active**.\n- **Ensure no new entries are added to the list of accessible files and folders** (as per your requirement).\n\nIn `process_storage_server_message`:\n\n```c\nif (storage_servers[id] != NULL) {\n    StorageServer *ss = storage_servers[id];\n    if (ss->running) {\n        printf(\"Storage server is already running.\\n\");\n        send_data(sock_fd, \"BLOCKED\", 7);\n        return;\n    }\n    printf(\"Storage server %d reconnected.\\n\", ss->id);\n    ss->ss_socket = sock_fd;\n    ss->running = true;\n    ss->is_active = true;\n    ss->last_heartbeat = time(NULL);\n    // No new accessible paths are added\n    send_data(sock_fd, \"RECOVERY_SUCCESSFUL\", 19);\n    *storage_server = ss;\n    return;\n}\n```\n\n---\n\n### **5. 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            "text": "focusing only on heartbeat/failure detection for now, read through my entire storage_server.c code especially the heartbeat thread part in th emain function and tell me why the storage server is registering then immediately disconnecting from the naming server. the naming server also tells me that the storage server socket hung up. why is this happening? fix it.",
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        "text": "focusing only on heartbeat/failure detection for now, read through my entire storage_server.c code especially the heartbeat thread part in th emain function and tell me why the storage server is registering then immediately disconnecting from the naming server. the naming server also tells me that the storage server socket hung up. why is this happening? fix it."
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          "value": "Certainly! The issue you're encountering is due to the way the storage server handles the connection with the naming server after registration. Specifically, the storage server connects to the naming server to register but then immediately closes the connection, causing the naming server to perceive that the storage server has disconnected. Additionally, your heartbeat mechanism is attempting to use a socket that's meant for listening rather than an active connection to the naming server.\n\nHere's how you can fix this problem:\n\n1. **Maintain an Open Connection with the Naming Server:**  \n   After registering, the storage server should keep the connection to the naming server open. This persistent connection will be used to send heartbeat messages and receive any commands or messages from the naming server.\n\n2. **Use the Correct Socket for Heartbeats:**  \n   Ensure that the heartbeat thread uses the connected socket to the naming server, not the listening socket meant for incoming connections.\n\n3. **Listen for Messages from the Naming Server:**  \n   Create a listener thread that continuously reads from the naming server connection. This prevents the receive buffer from filling up and possibly causing the naming server to think the storage server is unresponsive.\n\n---\n\n### **Detailed Explanation and Code Fixes**\n\n#### **Problem Analysis**\n\n1. **Connection Scope in `register_with_nm`:**\n\n   In your `register_with_nm` function, the socket used for registration (`sock`) is local to that function. Once the function returns, you lose the reference to this socket, but the connection remains open until one side closes it.\n\n2. **Heartbeat Thread Uses Incorrect Socket:**\n\n   The heartbeat thread is using `ns_fd` (the socket meant for accepting incoming connections) to send heartbeats. This socket is not connected to the naming server and cannot be used to send data to it.\n\n3. **No Listener for Naming Server Messages:**\n\n   After registration, the storage server doesn't have a mechanism to read messages from the naming server on the connected socket. This can lead to the naming server considering the storage server as unresponsive if it tries to send any data.\n\n#### **Solution Steps**\n\n1. **Declare a Global Socket Variable for the Naming Server Connection:**\n\n   ```c\n   int nm_sock_fd;  // Global variable for the naming server connection\n   ```\n\n2. **Modify `register_with_nm` to Use the Global Socket:**\n\n   Replace the local `sock` variable with the global `nm_sock_fd` and keep the connection open after registration.\n\n   ```c\n   void register_with_nm(char *nm_ip, int nm_port, int nm_conn_port, int client_port, int ss_id) {\n       struct sockaddr_in nm_addr;\n       char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];\n       char local_ip[NI_MAXHOST];\n\n       // Get local IP\n       get_local_ip(local_ip);\n\n       // Create socket\n       if ((nm_sock_fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) < 0) {\n           perror(\"Socket creation failed\");\n           exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n       }\n\n       nm_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;\n       nm_addr.sin_port = htons(nm_port);\n\n       if (inet_pton(AF_INET, nm_ip, &nm_addr.sin_addr) <= 0) {\n           perror(\"Invalid NM address\");\n           exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n       }\n\n       // Connect to NM\n       if (connect(nm_sock_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&nm_addr, sizeof(nm_addr)) < 0) {\n           perror(\"Connection to NM failed\");\n           exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n       }\n       send_data(nm_sock_fd, \"STORAGE_SERVER\", 14);\n       receive_data(nm_sock_fd, buffer, 1024);\n       printf(\"Naming Server: %s\\n\", buffer);\n\n       // Prepare registration details\n       sprintf(buffer, \"REGISTER %d %s %d %d \", ss_id, local_ip, nm_conn_port, client_port);\n       for (int i = 0; i < num_paths; i++) {\n           strcat(buffer, accessible_paths[i]);\n           strcat(buffer, \",\");\n       }\n\n       // Send registration details\n       send_data(nm_sock_fd, buffer, strlen(buffer));\n\n       // Receive acknowledgment\n       receive_data(nm_sock_fd, buffer, BUFFER_SIZE);\n       printf(\"NM Response: %s\\n\", buffer);\n\n       if (strncmp(buffer, \"REGISTRATION_SUCCESSFUL\", 23) == 0) {\n           printf(\"Registration successful\\n\");\n       } else {\n           printf(\"Registration failed\\n\");\n           exit(0);\n       }\n       // Keep the connection open\n   }\n   ```\n\n3. **Update the Heartbeat Thread to Use the Connected Socket:**\n\n   Modify the heartbeat thread to use `nm_sock_fd` to send heartbeats.\n\n   ```c\n   void *heartbeat_thread(void *arg) {\n       printf(\"INITIALIZING HEARTBEAT\\n\");\n       while (1) {\n           char heartbeat_msg[MAX_LENGTH];\n           snprintf(heartbeat_msg, sizeof(heartbeat_msg), \"HEARTBEAT %d\", server_id);\n           send_data(nm_sock_fd, heartbeat_msg, strlen(heartbeat_msg));\n           sleep(5);  // Send heartbeat every 5 seconds\n       }\n       return NULL;\n   }\n   ```\n\n4. **Create a Listener Thread for the Naming Server Connection:**\n\n   Implement a thread that listens for messages from the naming server on `nm_sock_fd`.\n\n   ```c\n   void *nm_listener(void *arg) {\n       char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];\n       while (1) {\n           ssize_t bytes_received = recv(nm_sock_fd, buffer, BUFFER_SIZE - 1, 0);\n           if (bytes_received <= 0) {\n               if (bytes_received == 0) {\n                   printf(\"Naming Server connection closed.\\n\");\n               } else {\n                   perror(\"recv\");\n               }\n               close(nm_sock_fd);\n               exit(0);\n           }\n           buffer[bytes_received] = '\\0';\n           printf(\"Received from Naming Server: %s\\n\", buffer);\n\n           // Handle any messages or commands from the naming server here\n           // For now, it's just printing the received messages\n       }\n       return NULL;\n   }\n   ```\n\n5. **Update the Main Function:**\n\n   - Start the heartbeat thread and the naming server listener thread.\n   - Ensure that you no longer pass `ns_fd` to the heartbeat thread, since `nm_sock_fd` is now global.\n   - Remove any incorrect usages of `ns_fd` in the heartbeat thread.\n\n   ```c\n   int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {\n       // ... [Existing code before thread creation] ...\n\n       // Register with NM\n       register_with_nm(nm_ip, nm_port, nm_conn_port, client_port, server_id);\n\n       // Start listener threads\n       pthread_create(&nm_thread, NULL, listener, &ns_fd);\n       printf(\"NM THREAD INITIALIZED\\n\");\n       pthread_create(&client_thread, NULL, listener, &cli_fd);\n       printf(\"CLIENT THREAD INITIALIZED\\n\");\n\n       // Start heartbeat thread\n       pthread_t heartbeat_tid;\n       pthread_create(&heartbeat_tid, NULL, heartbeat_thread, NULL);\n\n       // Start naming server listener thread\n       pthread_t nm_listener_thread;\n       pthread_create(&nm_listener_thread, NULL, nm_listener, NULL);\n\n       // Wait for threads to finish (optional)\n       pthread_join(nm_thread, NULL);\n       printf(\"NM THREAD EXITED\\n\");\n       pthread_join(client_thread, NULL);\n       printf(\"CLIENT THREAD EXITED\\n\");\n\n       pthread_join(heartbeat_tid, NULL);\n       pthread_join(nm_listener_thread, NULL);\n\n       return 0;\n   }\n   ```\n\n---\n\n### **Summary of the Fix**\n\n- **Persistent Connection:** By maintaining the connected socket `nm_sock_fd` open, the storage server keeps an active connection with the naming server, preventing it from perceiving a disconnection.\n\n- **Correct Socket Usage:** With the heartbeat thread using `nm_sock_fd`, it can successfully send heartbeat messages to the naming server.\n\n- **Listening for Messages:** The `nm_listener` thread ensures that the storage server reads messages from the naming server, keeping the communication channel active and responsive.\n\n---\n\n### **Why the Original Code Caused Disconnection**\n\n- **Socket Scope Limitation:** The original `register_with_nm` function used a local socket variable (`sock`) that was not accessible outside the function. After registration, there were no references to this socket, and no operations were performed on it, leading to the connection being closed by the storage server or the OS after the function exited.\n\n- **Heartbeat on Wrong Socket:** The heartbeat thread attempted to use `ns_fd`, which is a listening socket intended for incoming connections, not for sending data to the naming server.\n\n- **No Data Reception:** Since the storage server wasn't listening for incoming messages on the connected socket, any attempts by the naming server to send data would go unread, potentially leading to buffer overflows or the naming server deciding to close the connection due to inactivity.\n\n---\n\n### **Notes and Recommendations**\n\n- **Thread Safety:** Ensure that access to shared resources (like `nm_sock_fd`) is thread-safe if you plan to expand functionality. In the current context, since only one thread writes (heartbeat thread) and one reads (`nm_listener` thread), this is acceptable.\n\n- **Error Handling:** Implement robust error handling in your threads. If `send_data` or `recv` fails, consider how your storage server should respond—whether to attempt reconnection or to shut down gracefully.\n\n- **Expand Listener Functionality:** Currently, the `nm_listener` thread only prints messages received from the naming server. You can expand this to handle specific commands or updates as needed for your application.\n\n- **Consistent Naming Conventions:** For clarity, consider renaming `ns_fd` to `nm_listen_fd` or similar, to indicate that it's the listening socket for the naming server to connect back to the storage server if needed.\n\n- **Closing Sockets on Exit:** Ensure that all open sockets are properly closed when your storage server shuts down to avoid resource leaks.\n\n---\n\nBy implementing these fixes, your storage server should remain connected to the naming server after registration, send heartbeat messages successfully, and handle any incoming messages from the naming server appropriately.\n\nLet me know if you need further assistance or clarification on any of these steps!",
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            "text": "we have a little problem. copy file and copy directory are only copying locally. but this program needs to work across multiple devices. but it shouldn't be too much to change. we will use our get_ss_for_path function that we have implemented to instruct our storage server to recreate the entire directory/file structure instead of doing it in the paths like we're doing now. implement the functionality for this. orchestration will still happen through the naming server",
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          "value": " are performing local file system operations on the naming server machine. Since your distributed file system works across multiple devices (storage servers), these functions need to be adapted so that files and directories are copied between storage servers, not locally on the naming server.\n\n### **Objective**\n\nModify the COPY functionality so that when a client issues a COPY command, the naming server orchestrates the copy operation between the source and destination storage servers. The storage servers will handle the actual data transfer and file system operations.\n\n---\n\n## **Implementation Steps**\n\n### **1. Update the `process_client_request` Function in ",
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          "value": "**\n\nInstead of performing the copy operation locally in the naming server, we'll modify `process_client_request` to:\n\n- Determine the source and destination storage servers using `get_ss_for_path`.\n- Send commands to the involved storage servers to perform the copy.\n\n#### **a. Determine Source and Destination Storage Servers**\n\n```c\nvoid process_client_request(int sock_fd, char *message) {\n    // ... existing code ...\n\n    if (strcmp(operation, \"COPY\") == 0) {\n        // Parse source and destination paths\n        char src_path[MAX_LENGTH];\n        char dest_path[MAX_LENGTH];\n        sscanf(message + 5, \"%s %s\", src_path, dest_path);\n\n        // Determine source storage server\n        StorageServer *ss_src = get_ss_for_path(src_path);\n        if (!ss_src || !ss_src->is_active) {\n            send_data(sock_fd, \"ERR100: Source path not found or storage server inactive\\n\", 56);\n            return;\n        }\n\n        // Determine destination storage server\n        StorageServer *ss_dest = get_ss_for_path(dest_path);\n        if (!ss_dest || !ss_dest->is_active) {\n            send_data(sock_fd, \"ERR100: Destination path not found or storage server inactive\\n\", 61);\n            return;\n        }\n\n        // Check if source and destination are on the same storage server\n        if (ss_src->id == ss_dest->id) {\n            // Send COPY command to the storage server to copy locally\n            send_copy_command_to_storage_server(ss_src, src_path, dest_path, sock_fd);\n        } else {\n            // Orchestrate cross-storage-server copy\n            orchestrate_copy_between_storage_servers(ss_src, ss_dest, src_path, dest_path, sock_fd);\n        }\n\n        return;\n    }\n\n    // ... existing code ...\n}\n```\n\n#### **b. Implement Helper Functions**\n\n##### **i. Send COPY Command to a Single Storage Server**\n\n```c\nvoid send_copy_command_to_storage_server(StorageServer *ss, char *src_path, char *dest_path, int client_sock_fd) {\n    int ss_sock_fd = create_socket();\n\n    // Set up the storage server address\n    struct sockaddr_in ss_addr;\n    memset(&ss_addr, 0, sizeof(ss_addr));\n    ss_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;\n    ss_addr.sin_port = htons(ss->nm_port);\n\n    if (inet_pton(AF_INET, ss->ip, &ss_addr.sin_addr) <= 0) {\n        perror(\"Invalid storage server address\");\n        send_data(client_sock_fd, \"ERR002: Invalid storage server address\\n\", 41);\n        close(ss_sock_fd);\n        return;\n    }\n\n    // Connect to the storage server\n    if (connect(ss_sock_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&ss_addr, sizeof(ss_addr)) < 0) {\n        perror(\"Connection to storage server failed\");\n        send_data(client_sock_fd, \"ERR002: Could not connect to storage server\\n\", 46);\n        close(ss_sock_fd);\n        return;\n    }\n\n    // Prepare COPY command\n    char command[MAX_LENGTH];\n    snprintf(command, sizeof(command), \"COPY %s %s\", src_path, dest_path);\n\n    // Send the COPY command to the storage server\n    send_data(ss_sock_fd, command, strlen(command));\n\n    // Receive acknowledgment from the storage server\n    char ack_buffer[MAX_LENGTH];\n    receive_data(ss_sock_fd, ack_buffer, MAX_LENGTH);\n\n    // Forward acknowledgment back to the client\n    send_data(client_sock_fd, ack_buffer, strlen(ack_buffer));\n\n    close(ss_sock_fd);\n}\n```\n\n##### **ii. Orchestrate Copy Between Different Storage Servers**\n\nThis involves:\n\n- Instructing the source storage server to send the file/directory to the destination storage server.\n- Since storage servers may not directly communicate, the naming server can facilitate the transfer.\n\n```c\nvoid orchestrate_copy_between_storage_servers(StorageServer *ss_src, StorageServer *ss_dest, char *src_path, char *dest_path, int client_sock_fd) {\n    // Option 1: Use the naming server as an intermediary (not efficient for large files)\n    // Option 2: Enable storage servers to communicate directly (more efficient)\n\n    // For simplicity, we'll use the naming server as an intermediary in this example\n\n    // Step 1: Request the source storage server to send the file content\n    int ss_src_sock_fd = create_socket();\n    struct sockaddr_in ss_src_addr;\n    memset(&ss_src_addr, 0, sizeof(ss_src_addr));\n    ss_src_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;\n    ss_src_addr.sin_port = htons(ss_src->nm_port);\n\n    if (inet_pton(AF_INET, ss_src->ip, &ss_src_addr.sin_addr) <= 0) {\n        perror(\"Invalid source storage server address\");\n        send_data(client_sock_fd, \"ERR002: Invalid source storage server address\\n\", 47);\n        close(ss_src_sock_fd);\n        return;\n    }\n\n    if (connect(ss_src_sock_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&ss_src_addr, sizeof(ss_src_addr)) < 0) {\n        perror(\"Connection to source storage server failed\");\n        send_data(client_sock_fd, \"ERR002: Could not connect to source storage server\\n\", 52);\n        close(ss_src_sock_fd);\n        return;\n    }\n\n    // Send a command to read the file/directory content\n    char command[MAX_LENGTH];\n    snprintf(command, sizeof(command), \"READ_FOR_COPY %s\", src_path);\n    send_data(ss_src_sock_fd, command, strlen(command));\n\n    // Step 2: Receive the file/directory content\n    // For simplicity, assume that the content is sent as a stream of bytes\n    char *file_content = receive_file_content(ss_src_sock_fd);\n    close(ss_src_sock_fd);\n\n    if (!file_content) {\n        send_data(client_sock_fd, \"ERR103: Failed to receive file content from source storage server\\n\", 68);\n        return;\n    }\n\n    // Step 3: Send the content to the destination storage server\n    int ss_dest_sock_fd = create_socket();\n    struct sockaddr_in ss_dest_addr;\n    memset(&ss_dest_addr, 0, sizeof(ss_dest_addr));\n    ss_dest_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;\n    ss_dest_addr.sin_port = htons(ss_dest->nm_port);\n\n    if (inet_pton(AF_INET, ss_dest->ip, &ss_dest_addr.sin_addr) <= 0) {\n        perror(\"Invalid destination storage server address\");\n        send_data(client_sock_fd, \"ERR002: Invalid destination storage server address\\n\", 52);\n        free(file_content);\n        close(ss_dest_sock_fd);\n        return;\n    }\n\n    if (connect(ss_dest_sock_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&ss_dest_addr, sizeof(ss_dest_addr)) < 0) {\n        perror(\"Connection to destination storage server failed\");\n        send_data(client_sock_fd, \"ERR002: Could not connect to destination storage server\\n\", 57);\n        free(file_content);\n        close(ss_dest_sock_fd);\n        return;\n    }\n\n    // Send a command to write the file/directory content\n    snprintf(command, sizeof(command), \"WRITE_FOR_COPY %s\", dest_path);\n    send_data(ss_dest_sock_fd, command, strlen(command));\n\n    // Send the file content\n    send_data(ss_dest_sock_fd, file_content, strlen(file_content));\n\n    // Indicate end of content\n    send_data(ss_dest_sock_fd, \"END_OF_CONTENT\", 14);\n\n    // Receive acknowledgment from the destination storage server\n    char ack_buffer[MAX_LENGTH];\n    receive_data(ss_dest_sock_fd, ack_buffer, MAX_LENGTH);\n\n    // Forward acknowledgment back to the client\n    send_data(client_sock_fd, ack_buffer, strlen(ack_buffer));\n\n    free(file_content);\n    close(ss_dest_sock_fd);\n}\n```\n\n##### **iii. Receive File Content from Source Storage Server**\n\n```c\nchar *receive_file_content(int sock_fd) {\n    char *content = NULL;\n    size_t content_size = 0;\n    char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];\n    ssize_t bytes_received;\n\n    while ((bytes_received = recv(sock_fd, buffer, BUFFER_SIZE - 1, 0)) > 0) {\n        buffer[bytes_received] = '\\0';\n        if (strcmp(buffer, \"END_OF_CONTENT\") == 0) {\n            break;\n        }\n\n        content = realloc(content, content_size + bytes_received + 1);\n        memcpy(content + content_size, buffer, bytes_received);\n        content_size += bytes_received;\n        content[content_size] = '\\0';\n    }\n\n    if (bytes_received < 0) {\n        perror(\"Error receiving file content\");\n        free(content);\n        return NULL;\n    }\n\n    return content;\n}\n```\n\n### **2. Update `storage_server.c` to Handle New Commands**\n\n#### **a. Handle `READ_FOR_COPY` Command**\n\nModify the `handler` function to handle `READ_FOR_COPY`:\n\n```c\nelse if (strncmp(command, \"READ_FOR_COPY\", 13) == 0) {\n    // Send file content\n    char path[MAX_LENGTH];\n    sscanf(command + 14, \"%s\", path);\n\n    // Check if path is a file or directory\n    struct stat st;\n    if (stat(path, &st) == -1) {\n        perror(\"Stat failed\");\n        send_data(sock_fd, \"ERR100: Path not found\\n\", 24);\n        return NULL;\n    }\n\n    if (S_ISREG(st.st_mode)) {\n        // Send file content\n        FILE *fp = fopen(path, \"rb\");\n        if (fp) {\n            char file_buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];\n            size_t bytes_read;\n\n            while ((bytes_read = fread(file_buffer, 1, BUFFER_SIZE, fp)) > 0) {\n                send(sock_fd, file_buffer, bytes_read, 0);\n            }\n            fclose(fp);\n        } else {\n            perror(\"File open error\");\n            send_data(sock_fd, \"ERR100: Cannot open file\\n\", 25);\n            return NULL;\n        }\n    } else if (S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) {\n        // Serialize directory contents (this is non-trivial and may require custom serialization)\n        // For simplicity, let's assume directories are not supported in this example\n        send_data(sock_fd, \"ERR107: Directory copy not supported in this version\\n\", 54);\n        return NULL;\n    } else {\n        send_data(sock_fd, \"ERR006: Unknown source type\\n\", 29);\n        return NULL;\n    }\n\n    // Indicate end of content\n    send_data(sock_fd, \"END_OF_CONTENT\", 14);\n}\n```\n\n#### **b. Handle `WRITE_FOR_COPY` Command**\n\nIn the `handler` function:\n\n```c\nelse if (strncmp(command, \"WRITE_FOR_COPY\", 14) == 0) {\n    // Receive file content and write to destination path\n    char path[MAX_LENGTH];\n    sscanf(command + 15, \"%s\", path);\n\n    FILE *fp = fopen(path, \"wb\");\n    if (!fp) {\n        perror(\"File open error\");\n        send_data(sock_fd, \"ERR106: Cannot open file for writing\\n\", 38);\n        return NULL;\n    }\n\n    char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];\n    ssize_t bytes_received;\n\n    while ((bytes_received = recv(sock_fd, buffer, BUFFER_SIZE, 0)) > 0) {\n        if (bytes_received == 14 && strncmp(buffer, \"END_OF_CONTENT\", 14) == 0) {\n            break;\n        }\n        fwrite(buffer, 1, bytes_received, fp);\n    }\n\n    fclose(fp);\n\n    if (bytes_received < 0) {\n        perror(\"Error receiving file content\");\n        send_data(sock_fd, \"ERR103: Error receiving file content\\n\", 38);\n        return NULL;\n    }\n\n    // Send acknowledgment\n    send_data(sock_fd, \"ACK: COPY successful\\n\", 21);\n}\n```\n\n### **3. Update Storage Servers to Support Directory Copying**\n\nCopying directories is more complex since it involves recursively copying files and subdirectories. To simplify, you can:\n\n- Serialize the directory structure into a package that can be transferred over the network.\n- Alternatively, perform file-by-file copying within directories.\n\nFor simplicity, let's handle file copying first and extend directory copying later if needed.\n\n### **4. Modify the Naming Server's `process_client_request` for Directory Copy**\n\nIf you want to support directory copying, you'll need to:\n\n- Instruct the storage servers to copy directories.\n- Implement serialization/deserialization of directory structures.\n\nHowever, this is complex and may not be necessary for the immediate requirement.\n\n---\n\n## **Summary**\n\n- **Naming Server**:\n\n  - Modified the `process_client_request` function to orchestrate the COPY operation between storage servers.\n\n  - Implemented helper functions to send copy commands to storage servers.\n\n  - Used the naming server as an intermediary to transfer file content between storage servers (simple but not the most efficient method).\n\n- **Storage Server**:\n\n  - Updated the `handler` function to handle new commands `READ_FOR_COPY` and `WRITE_FOR_COPY`.\n\n  - Implemented file reading and writing based on commands received.\n\n---\n\n## **Considerations and Next Steps**\n\n- **Efficiency**: Using the naming server as an intermediary is not efficient, especially for large files. A better approach is to allow storage servers to communicate directly.\n\n  - **Direct Storage Server Communication**: Have storage servers connect to each other directly to transfer data.\n\n  - **Implementation**:\n\n    - When orchestrating the copy, the naming server can send commands to the source storage server with the destination storage server's address.\n\n    - The source storage server then connects directly to the destination storage server to transfer the file.\n\n- **Handling Directories**: Implement serialization and deserialization of directory structures to support copying directories.\n\n- **Thread Safety and Concurrency**: Ensure that shared resources are protected if accessed by multiple threads concurrently.\n\n- **Error Handling**: Enhance error checking and handling at each step to cover edge cases and failures.\n\n- **Scalability**: Consider the impact on performance and scalability as the number of storage servers and the size of files increases.\n\n---\n\n**Let me know if you need further assistance or have any questions about this implementation!**",
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            "text": "too complicated, make it simple. read my entire naming server code. opy file and copy directory are only copying locally. but this program needs to work across multiple devices. but it shouldn't be too much to change. we will use our get_ss_for_path function that we have implemented to instruct our storage server to recreate the entire directory/file structure instead of doing it in the paths like we're doing now. implement the functionality for this. orchestration will still happen through the naming server. utilize the functions i already have.",
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        "text": "too complicated, make it simple. read my entire naming server code. opy file and copy directory are only copying locally. but this program needs to work across multiple devices. but it shouldn't be too much to change. we will use our get_ss_for_path function that we have implemented to instruct our storage server to recreate the entire directory/file structure instead of doing it in the paths like we're doing now. implement the functionality for this. orchestration will still happen through the naming server. utilize the functions i already have."
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          "value": "Certainly! Let's simplify the implementation by utilizing your existing functions to enable the `COPY` operation across multiple devices. We'll focus on modifying your ",
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          "value": " code, specifically the `process_client_request` function, to orchestrate the copying by instructing the relevant storage servers to recreate the directory or file structure.\n\n### **Objective**\n\n- Modify the `COPY` operation to work across multiple storage servers.\n- Utilize the `get_ss_for_path` function to determine which storage servers are responsible for the source and destination paths.\n- Instruct storage servers to perform the necessary operations without the naming server handling file data locally.\n\n---\n\n### **Step-by-Step Implementation**\n\n#### **1. Understand the Current Implementation**\n\nIn your `process_client_request` function, the `COPY` operation is currently handled like this:\n\n```c\nelse if (strcmp(operation, \"COPY\") == 0) {\n    struct stat st;\n    if (stat(path, &st) == -1) {\n        perror(\"Source path error\");\n        send_data(sock_fd, \"ERR100: Source path not found\\n\", 30);\n        return;\n    }\n\n    int result;\n    if (S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) {\n        // Copy directory\n        result = copy_directory(path, dest);\n    } else if (S_ISREG(st.st_mode)) {\n        // Copy file\n        result = copy_file(path, dest);\n    } else {\n        send_data(sock_fd, \"ERROR107: Unsupported source type\\n\", 35);\n        return;\n    }\n\n    if (result == 0) {\n        send_data(sock_fd, \"ACK: COPY Successfull\\n\", 23);\n    } else {\n        send_data(sock_fd, \"ERR107: Copy operation failed\\n\", 31);\n    }\n}\n```\n\nThis code performs local file system operations on the naming server, which isn't appropriate for a distributed system where files are stored on storage servers.\n\n---\n\n#### **2. Modify the `COPY` Operation in `process_client_request`**\n\nWe need to update the `COPY` handling to:\n\n- Determine the source and destination storage servers.\n- Instruct the storage servers to perform the copy operations.\n\nHere's how you can modify the `COPY` handling:\n\n```c\nelse if (strcmp(operation, \"COPY\") == 0) {\n    // Determine source and destination storage servers\n    StorageServer *ss_src = get_ss_for_path(path);\n    StorageServer *ss_dest = get_ss_for_path(dest);\n\n    if (!ss_src) {\n        printf(\"Source path not found: %s\\n\", path);\n        send_data(sock_fd, \"ERR100: Source path not found\\n\", 30);\n        return;\n    }\n\n    if (!ss_dest) {\n        printf(\"Destination path not found: %s\\n\", dest);\n        send_data(sock_fd, \"ERR100: Destination path not found\\n\", 36);\n        return;\n    }\n\n    if (!ss_src->running || !ss_dest->running) {\n        printf(\"One of the storage servers is not running.\\n\");\n        send_data(sock_fd, \"ERR001: Storage server not running\\n\", 36);\n        return;\n    }\n\n    if (ss_src->id == ss_dest->id) {\n        // Source and destination are on the same storage server\n        // Send COPY command to that storage server\n        int ss_sock_fd = create_socket();\n\n        struct sockaddr_in ss_addr;\n        memset(&ss_addr, 0, sizeof(ss_addr));\n        ss_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;\n        ss_addr.sin_port = htons(ss_src->nm_port);\n\n        if (inet_pton(AF_INET, ss_src->ip, &ss_addr.sin_addr) <= 0) {\n            perror(\"Invalid storage server address\");\n            send_data(sock_fd, \"ERR002: Invalid storage server address\\n\", 41);\n            close(ss_sock_fd);\n            return;\n        }\n\n        if (connect(ss_sock_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&ss_addr, sizeof(ss_addr)) < 0) {\n            perror(\"Connection to storage server failed\");\n            send_data(sock_fd, \"ERROR002: Could not connect to storage server\\n\", 46);\n            close(ss_sock_fd);\n            return;\n        }\n\n        // Send the COPY command to the storage server\n        char copy_command[MAX_LENGTH];\n        snprintf(copy_command, sizeof(copy_command), \"COPY %s %s\", path, dest);\n        send_data(ss_sock_fd, copy_command, strlen(copy_command));\n\n        // Receive acknowledgment from the storage server\n        char ack_buffer[MAX_LENGTH];\n        bzero(ack_buffer, MAX_LENGTH);\n        receive_data(ss_sock_fd, ack_buffer, MAX_LENGTH);\n\n        // Forward acknowledgment back to the client\n        send_data(sock_fd, ack_buffer, strlen(ack_buffer));\n        close(ss_sock_fd);\n    } else {\n        // Source and destination are on different storage servers\n        // Orchestrate copy operation\n        printf(\"Orchestrating cross-storage-server copy.\\n\");\n\n        // For simplicity, we'll instruct the destination storage server to create the file/directory\n        // and then instruct the source server to send data to the destination server.\n        // This requires additional commands in the storage servers.\n\n        // Notify destination storage server to prepare for incoming data\n        int ss_dest_sock_fd = create_socket();\n        memset(&ss_addr, 0, sizeof(ss_addr));\n        ss_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;\n        ss_addr.sin_port = htons(ss_dest->nm_port);\n\n        if (inet_pton(AF_INET, ss_dest->ip, &ss_addr.sin_addr) <= 0) {\n            perror(\"Invalid storage server address\");\n            send_data(sock_fd, \"ERR002: Invalid destination storage server address\\n\", 52);\n            close(ss_dest_sock_fd);\n            return;\n        }\n\n        if (connect(ss_dest_sock_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&ss_addr, sizeof(ss_addr)) < 0) {\n            perror(\"Connection to destination storage server failed\");\n            send_data(sock_fd, \"ERROR002: Could not connect to destination storage server\\n\", 57);\n            close(ss_dest_sock_fd);\n            return;\n        }\n\n        // Send a command to create the destination file/directory\n        char create_command[MAX_LENGTH];\n        snprintf(create_command, sizeof(create_command), \"CREATE %s\", dest);\n        send_data(ss_dest_sock_fd, create_command, strlen(create_command));\n\n        // Receive acknowledgment\n        bzero(ack_buffer, MAX_LENGTH);\n        receive_data(ss_dest_sock_fd, ack_buffer, MAX_LENGTH);\n\n        if (strncmp(ack_buffer, \"ACK\", 3) != 0) {\n            // If creation failed, inform the client\n            send_data(sock_fd, ack_buffer, strlen(ack_buffer));\n            close(ss_dest_sock_fd);\n            return;\n        }\n        close(ss_dest_sock_fd);\n\n        // Instruct source storage server to send data to destination storage server\n        int ss_src_sock_fd = create_socket();\n        memset(&ss_addr, 0, sizeof(ss_addr));\n        ss_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;\n        ss_addr.sin_port = htons(ss_src->nm_port);\n\n        if (inet_pton(AF_INET, ss_src->ip, &ss_addr.sin_addr) <= 0) {\n            perror(\"Invalid storage server address\");\n            send_data(sock_fd, \"ERR002: Invalid source storage server address\\n\", 48);\n            close(ss_src_sock_fd);\n            return;\n        }\n\n        if (connect(ss_src_sock_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&ss_addr, sizeof(ss_addr)) < 0) {\n            perror(\"Connection to source storage server failed\");\n            send_data(sock_fd, \"ERROR002: Could not connect to source storage server\\n\", 53);\n            close(ss_src_sock_fd);\n            return;\n        }\n\n        // Send a command to transfer data to destination storage server\n        char transfer_command[MAX_LENGTH];\n        snprintf(transfer_command, sizeof(transfer_command), \"TRANSFER %s %s %s %d\", path, dest, ss_dest->ip, ss_dest->nm_port);\n        send_data(ss_src_sock_fd, transfer_command, strlen(transfer_command));\n\n        // Receive acknowledgment\n        bzero(ack_buffer, MAX_LENGTH);\n        receive_data(ss_src_sock_fd, ack_buffer, MAX_LENGTH);\n\n        // Forward acknowledgment back to the client\n        send_data(sock_fd, ack_buffer, strlen(ack_buffer));\n        close(ss_src_sock_fd);\n    }\n}\n```\n\n---\n\n#### **3. Update the Storage Server to Handle New Commands**\n\nYou'll need to modify your `storage_server.c` to handle the new `TRANSFER` command.\n\n##### **In the `handler` Function:**\n\n```c\nelse if (strncmp(command, \"TRANSFER\", 8) == 0) {\n    // Expected format: \"TRANSFER <source_path> <dest_path> <dest_ip> <dest_port>\"\n    char src_path[MAX_LENGTH];\n    char dest_path[MAX_LENGTH];\n    char dest_ip[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];\n    int dest_port;\n    int num_parsed = sscanf(command + 9, \"%s %s %s %d\", src_path, dest_path, dest_ip, &dest_port);\n\n    if (num_parsed != 4) {\n        printf(\"Invalid TRANSFER command format.\\n\");\n        send_data(sock_fd, \"ERR004: Invalid command format\\n\", 31);\n    } else {\n        // Connect to the destination storage server\n        int dest_sock_fd = create_socket();\n        struct sockaddr_in dest_addr;\n        memset(&dest_addr, 0, sizeof(dest_addr));\n        dest_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;\n        dest_addr.sin_port = htons(dest_port);\n\n        if (inet_pton(AF_INET, dest_ip, &dest_addr.sin_addr) <= 0) {\n            perror(\"Invalid destination storage server address\");\n            send_data(sock_fd, \"ERR002: Invalid destination storage server address\\n\", 52);\n            close(dest_sock_fd);\n            return NULL;\n        }\n\n        if (connect(dest_sock_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&dest_addr, sizeof(dest_addr)) < 0) {\n            perror(\"Connection to destination storage server failed\");\n            send_data(sock_fd, \"ERROR002: Could not connect to destination storage server\\n\", 57);\n            close(dest_sock_fd);\n            return NULL;\n        }\n\n        // Send WRITE command to the destination storage server\n        char write_command[MAX_LENGTH];\n        snprintf(write_command, sizeof(write_command), \"WRITE %s\", dest_path);\n        send_data(dest_sock_fd, write_command, strlen(write_command));\n\n        // Receive acknowledgment\n        char ack_buffer[MAX_LENGTH];\n        bzero(ack_buffer, MAX_LENGTH);\n        receive_data(dest_sock_fd, ack_buffer, MAX_LENGTH);\n\n        if (strncmp(ack_buffer, \"ACK\", 3) != 0) {\n            send_data(sock_fd, ack_buffer, strlen(ack_buffer));\n            close(dest_sock_fd);\n            return NULL;\n        }\n\n        // Open the source file\n        FILE *fp = fopen(src_path, \"rb\");\n        if (!fp) {\n            perror(\"File open error\");\n            send_data(sock_fd, \"ERR100: Cannot open source file\\n\", 33);\n            close(dest_sock_fd);\n            return NULL;\n        }\n\n        // Read from source and send to destination\n        char file_buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];\n        size_t bytes_read;\n        while ((bytes_read = fread(file_buffer, 1, BUFFER_SIZE, fp)) > 0) {\n            send(dest_sock_fd, file_buffer, bytes_read, 0);\n        }\n\n        fclose(fp);\n        // Indicate end of data\n        send_data(dest_sock_fd, \"EOF\", 3);\n\n        // Receive final acknowledgment from destination storage server\n        bzero(ack_buffer, MAX_LENGTH);\n        receive_data(dest_sock_fd, ack_buffer, MAX_LENGTH);\n\n        // Forward acknowledgment back to the naming server\n        send_data(sock_fd, ack_buffer, strlen(ack_buffer));\n        close(dest_sock_fd);\n    }\n}\n```\n\n##### **Modify the `WRITE` Command Handling in Storage Server**\n\nUpdate the `WRITE` command handling to support writing data sent from another storage server:\n\n```c\nelse if (strncmp(command, \"WRITE\", 5) == 0) {\n    char path[MAX_LENGTH];\n    sscanf(command + 6, \"%s\", path);\n\n    FILE *fp = fopen(path, \"wb\");\n    if (!fp) {\n        perror(\"File open error\");\n        send_data(sock_fd, \"ERR106: Cannot open file for writing\\n\", 38);\n        return NULL;\n    }\n\n    // Acknowledge readiness to receive data\n    send_data(sock_fd, \"ACK: Ready to receive data\\n\", 27);\n\n    // Receive data\n    char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];\n    ssize_t bytes_received;\n    while ((bytes_received = recv(sock_fd, buffer, BUFFER_SIZE, 0)) > 0) {\n        if (bytes_received == 3 && strncmp(buffer, \"EOF\", 3) == 0) {\n            break; // End of file\n        }\n        fwrite(buffer, 1, bytes_received, fp);\n    }\n\n    fclose(fp);\n\n    if (bytes_received < 0) {\n        perror(\"Error receiving file content\");\n        send_data(sock_fd, \"ERR103: Error receiving file content\\n\", 38);\n        return NULL;\n    }\n\n    // Send acknowledgment\n    send_data(sock_fd, \"ACK: WRITE successful\\n\", 21);\n}\n```\n\n---\n\n#### **4. Update the Client-Side Behavior**\n\nIf necessary, ensure that the client understands that the acknowledgment for the `COPY` operation may take longer when involving multiple storage servers.\n\n---\n\n### **Summary**\n\n- **Modified ",
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            "text": "you clearly are not understanding what im saying. right now we can't use fopen, fread and fwrite in our naming server because that just does thigns locally. instead of these file function syscalls, we will tell the destination path's correct storage server to execute these commands for us in the copy_file and copy_irectory function. we also need to implement the handling for this on the storage server side. this is what i want you to make happen",
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            "text": "you clearly are not understanding what im saying. right now we can't use fopen, fread and fwrite in our naming server because that just does thigns locally. instead of these file function syscalls, we will tell the destination path's correct storage server to execute these commands for us in the copy_file and copy_irectory function. we also need to implement the handling for this on the storage server side. this is what i want you to make happen. use the READ and WRITE functionalities that i've already implemented. make a new socket if you need to. instead of opening and reading and writing the file locally, send a read req to the storage server and get the file contens, then with these contens send a write request to the storage server containing thedestination path. i trust that this can happen within the copy_file and copy_directory functions itself",
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        "text": "you clearly are not understanding what im saying. right now we can't use fopen, fread and fwrite in our naming server because that just does thigns locally. instead of these file function syscalls, we will tell the destination path's correct storage server to execute these commands for us in the copy_file and copy_irectory function. we also need to implement the handling for this on the storage server side. this is what i want you to make happen. use the READ and WRITE functionalities that i've already implemented. make a new socket if you need to. instead of opening and reading and writing the file locally, send a read req to the storage server and get the file contens, then with these contens send a write request to the storage server containing thedestination path. i trust that this can happen within the copy_file and copy_directory functions itself"
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          "value": "Certainly! I understand that you want to modify your `copy_file` and `copy_directory` functions in your ",
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          "value": " to orchestrate the copying process by communicating with the storage servers, using the `READ` and `WRITE` functionalities you've already implemented. This way, the naming server will coordinate the copy operation without performing local file system operations.\n\nHere's how you can achieve this:\n\n1. **Modify `copy_file` function in ",
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          "value": "**:\n\n   - Instead of using `fopen`, `fread`, and `fwrite`, send a `READ` request to the source storage server to obtain the file contents.\n   - Then, send a `WRITE` request to the destination storage server with the file contents.\n\n2. **Modify `copy_directory` function in ",
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          "value": "**:\n\n   - Recursively handle directories by instructing storage servers to create directories and copy files.\n   - Use the `READ` and `WRITE` commands to transfer file contents between storage servers via the naming server.\n\n3. **Update `storage_server.c` to handle new commands if necessary**:\n\n   - Ensure that the storage server can handle `READ` requests for directories (list contents) and `MKDIR` requests to create directories.\n\n---\n\n### **1. Modify `copy_file` Function**\n\nHere's how you can modify the `copy_file` function:\n\n```c\n// Function to copy a file by communicating with storage servers\nint copy_file(const char *src_path, const char *dest_path) {\n    // Get storage servers for source and destination paths\n    StorageServer *ss_src = get_ss_for_path((char *)src_path);\n    StorageServer *ss_dest = get_ss_for_path((char *)dest_path);\n\n    if (!ss_src || !ss_dest) {\n        printf(\"Error: Unable to find storage server for paths.\\n\");\n        return -1;\n    }\n\n    // Create sockets for communicating with storage servers\n    int ss_src_sock_fd = create_socket();\n    int ss_dest_sock_fd = create_socket();\n\n    // Connect to source storage server\n    if (connect_to_storage_server(ss_src_sock_fd, ss_src) < 0) {\n        close(ss_src_sock_fd);\n        close(ss_dest_sock_fd);\n        return -1;\n    }\n\n    // Connect to destination storage server\n    if (connect_to_storage_server(ss_dest_sock_fd, ss_dest) < 0) {\n        close(ss_src_sock_fd);\n        close(ss_dest_sock_fd);\n        return -1;\n    }\n\n    // Send READ request to source storage server\n    char read_command[MAX_LENGTH];\n    snprintf(read_command, sizeof(read_command), \"READ %s\", src_path);\n    send_data(ss_src_sock_fd, read_command, strlen(read_command));\n\n    // Receive file contents from source storage server\n    char *file_contents = receive_file_contents(ss_src_sock_fd);\n    if (!file_contents) {\n        printf(\"Error: Failed to receive file contents from source storage server.\\n\");\n        close(ss_src_sock_fd);\n        close(ss_dest_sock_fd);\n        return -1;\n    }\n\n    // Send WRITE request to destination storage server\n    char write_command[MAX_LENGTH];\n    snprintf(write_command, sizeof(write_command), \"WRITE %s\", dest_path);\n    send_data(ss_dest_sock_fd, write_command, strlen(write_command));\n\n    // Send file contents to destination storage server\n    send_data(ss_dest_sock_fd, file_contents, strlen(file_contents));\n\n    // Let the destination server know that the data transmission is complete\n    send_data(ss_dest_sock_fd, \"EOF\", 3);\n\n    // Clean up\n    free(file_contents);\n    close(ss_src_sock_fd);\n    close(ss_dest_sock_fd);\n\n    return 0;\n}\n```\n\n**Helper Functions Used:**\n\n```c\n// Function to connect to a storage server\nint connect_to_storage_server(int sock_fd, StorageServer *ss) {\n    struct sockaddr_in ss_addr;\n    memset(&ss_addr, 0, sizeof(ss_addr));\n    ss_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;\n    ss_addr.sin_port = htons(ss->nm_port);\n\n    if (inet_pton(AF_INET, ss->ip, &ss_addr.sin_addr) <= 0) {\n        perror(\"Invalid storage server address\");\n        return -1;\n    }\n\n    if (connect(sock_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&ss_addr, sizeof(ss_addr)) < 0) {\n        perror(\"Connection to storage server failed\");\n        return -1;\n    }\n    return 0;\n}\n\n// Function to receive file contents from a storage server\nchar* receive_file_contents(int sock_fd) {\n    char *buffer = NULL;\n    size_t total_size = 0;\n    ssize_t bytes_received;\n    char recv_buffer[1024];\n\n    while ((bytes_received = recv(sock_fd, recv_buffer, sizeof(recv_buffer) - 1, 0)) > 0) {\n        recv_buffer[bytes_received] = '\\0';\n\n        // Check for EOF\n        if (strcmp(recv_buffer, \"EOF\") == 0) {\n            break;\n        }\n\n        // Append received data to buffer\n        buffer = realloc(buffer, total_size + bytes_received + 1);\n        memcpy(buffer + total_size, recv_buffer, bytes_received);\n        total_size += bytes_received;\n        buffer[total_size] = '\\0';\n    }\n\n    if (bytes_received < 0) {\n        perror(\"Receive failed\");\n        free(buffer);\n        return NULL;\n    }\n\n    return buffer;\n}\n```\n\n### **2. Modify `copy_directory` Function**\n\n```c\n// Function to copy a directory recursively\nint copy_directory(const char *src_path, const char *dest_path) {\n    // Get storage servers for source and destination paths\n    StorageServer *ss_src = get_ss_for_path((char *)src_path);\n    StorageServer *ss_dest = get_ss_for_path((char *)dest_path);\n\n    if (!ss_src || !ss_dest) {\n        printf(\"Error: Unable to find storage server for paths.\\n\");\n        return -1;\n    }\n\n    // Create sockets for communicating with storage servers\n    int ss_src_sock_fd = create_socket();\n    int ss_dest_sock_fd = create_socket();\n\n    // Connect to source storage server\n    if (connect_to_storage_server(ss_src_sock_fd, ss_src) < 0) {\n        close(ss_src_sock_fd);\n        close(ss_dest_sock_fd);\n        return -1;\n    }\n\n    // Connect to destination storage server\n    if (connect_to_storage_server(ss_dest_sock_fd, ss_dest) < 0) {\n        close(ss_src_sock_fd);\n        close(ss_dest_sock_fd);\n        return -1;\n    }\n\n    // Send LIST request to source storage server to get directory contents\n    char list_command[MAX_LENGTH];\n    snprintf(list_command, sizeof(list_command), \"LIST %s\", src_path);\n    send_data(ss_src_sock_fd, list_command, strlen(list_command));\n\n    // Receive directory contents\n    char *dir_contents = receive_file_contents(ss_src_sock_fd);\n    if (!dir_contents) {\n        printf(\"Error: Failed to receive directory contents from source storage server.\\n\");\n        close(ss_src_sock_fd);\n        close(ss_dest_sock_fd);\n        return -1;\n    }\n\n    // Create directory on destination storage server\n    char mkdir_command[MAX_LENGTH];\n    snprintf(mkdir_command, sizeof(mkdir_command), \"MKDIR %s\", dest_path);\n    send_data(ss_dest_sock_fd, mkdir_command, strlen(mkdir_command));\n\n    // Parse directory contents and recursively copy files and subdirectories\n    char *entry = strtok(dir_contents, \"\\n\");\n    while (entry != NULL) {\n        char src_entry_path[1024];\n        char dest_entry_path[1024];\n\n        snprintf(src_entry_path, sizeof(src_entry_path), \"%s/%s\", src_path, entry);\n        snprintf(dest_entry_path, sizeof(dest_entry_path), \"%s/%s\", dest_path, entry);\n\n        // Determine if entry is a file or directory\n        // For simplicity, assume the storage server includes a flag indicating file type\n        // You may need to adjust based on your actual implementation\n\n        // Check if entry is a directory\n        if (entry_is_directory(entry)) {\n            // Recursively copy sub-directory\n            copy_directory(src_entry_path, dest_entry_path);\n        } else {\n            // Copy file\n            copy_file(src_entry_path, dest_entry_path);\n        }\n        entry = strtok(NULL, \"\\n\");\n    }\n\n    // Clean up\n    free(dir_contents);\n    close(ss_src_sock_fd);\n    close(ss_dest_sock_fd);\n\n    return 0;\n}\n\n// Helper function to determine if an entry is a directory\nint entry_is_directory(const char *entry_info) {\n    // Implement logic based on your storage server's LIST response format\n    // For example, if directories are marked with a prefix \"DIR:\", you can check for that\n    // Return 1 if directory, 0 if file\n    return 0; // Placeholder\n}\n```\n\n**Note**: You'll need to implement the `LIST` command on your storage server to list directory contents and indicate whether each entry is a file or directory.\n\n### **3. Update `storage_server.c` to Handle New Commands**\n\n#### **Handle `READ` Command**\n\nAdd the following code to your storage server's command handler:\n\n```c\nelse if (strncmp(command, \"READ\", 4) == 0) {\n    char path[MAX_LENGTH];\n    sscanf(command + 5, \"%s\", path);\n\n    // Open the file for reading\n    FILE *fp = fopen(path, \"rb\");\n    if (!fp) {\n        perror(\"File open error\");\n        send_data(sock_fd, \"ERROR: Cannot open file\\n\", 24);\n        return NULL;\n    }\n\n    // Read file contents and send to naming server\n    char buffer[1024];\n    size_t bytes_read;\n    while ((bytes_read = fread(buffer, 1, sizeof(buffer), fp)) > 0) {\n        send(sock_fd, buffer, bytes_read, 0);\n    }\n\n    fclose(fp);\n\n    // Indicate end of file transmission\n    send_data(sock_fd, \"EOF\", 3);\n}\n```\n\n#### **Handle `WRITE` Command**\n\nUpdate your existing `WRITE` command handler if necessary:\n\n```c\nelse if (strncmp(command, \"WRITE\", 5) == 0) {\n    char path[MAX_LENGTH];\n    sscanf(command + 6, \"%s\", path);\n\n    // Open the file for writing\n    FILE *fp = fopen(path, \"wb\");\n    if (!fp) {\n        perror(\"File open error\");\n        send_data(sock_fd, \"ERROR: Cannot open file for writing\\n\", 36);\n        return NULL;\n    }\n\n    // Receive file contents from naming server\n    char buffer[1024];\n    ssize_t bytes_received;\n    while ((bytes_received = recv(sock_fd, buffer, sizeof(buffer), 0)) > 0) {\n        if (bytes_received == 3 && strncmp(buffer, \"EOF\", 3) == 0) {\n            break;\n        }\n        fwrite(buffer, 1, bytes_received, fp);\n    }\n\n    fclose(fp);\n\n    // Acknowledge completion\n    send_data(sock_fd, \"ACK: WRITE successful\\n\", 22);\n}\n```\n\n#### **Handle `LIST` Command**\n\nImplement the `LIST` command to list directory contents:\n\n```c\nelse if (strncmp(command, \"LIST\", 4) == 0) {\n    char path[MAX_LENGTH];\n    sscanf(command + 5, \"%s\", path);\n\n    DIR *dir = opendir(path);\n    if (!dir) {\n        perror(\"Error opening directory\");\n        send_data(sock_fd, \"ERROR: Cannot open directory\\n\", 29);\n        return NULL;\n    }\n\n    struct dirent *entry;\n    char entry_info[1024];\n    while ((entry = readdir(dir)) != NULL) {\n        // Skip \".\" and \"..\"\n        if (strcmp(entry->d_name, \".\") == 0 || strcmp(entry->d_name, \"..\") == 0) {\n            continue;\n        }\n\n        // Determine if entry is a file or directory\n        struct stat st;\n        char entry_path[1024];\n        snprintf(entry_path, sizeof(entry_path), \"%s/%s\", path, entry->d_name);\n        if (stat(entry_path, &st) == -1) {\n            perror(\"Stat error\");\n            continue;\n        }\n\n        if (S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) {\n            snprintf(entry_info, sizeof(entry_info), \"DIR:%s\\n\", entry->d_name);\n        } else {\n            snprintf(entry_info, sizeof(entry_info), \"FILE:%s\\n\", entry->d_name);\n        }\n\n        // Send entry info to naming server\n        send_data(sock_fd, entry_info, strlen(entry_info));\n    }\n\n    closedir(dir);\n\n    // Indicate end of directory listing\n    send_data(sock_fd, \"EOF\", 3);\n}\n```\n\n#### **Handle `MKDIR` Command**\n\nImplement the `MKDIR` command to create directories:\n\n```c\nelse if (strncmp(command, \"MKDIR\", 5) == 0) {\n    char path[MAX_LENGTH];\n    sscanf(command + 6, \"%s\", path);\n\n    if (mkdir(path, 0755) == -1) {\n        perror(\"Error creating directory\");\n        send_data(sock_fd, \"ERROR: Cannot create directory\\n\", 31);\n        return NULL;\n    }\n\n    // Acknowledge directory creation\n    send_data(sock_fd, \"ACK: Directory created\\n\", 23);\n}\n```\n\n---\n\n### **4. 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          "value": ", modify the handling of the `COPY` command to use the updated `copy_file` and `copy_directory` functions.\n\n```c\nelse if (strcmp(operation, \"COPY\") == 0) {\n    struct stat st;\n    StorageServer *ss_src = get_ss_for_path(path);\n    StorageServer *ss_dest = get_ss_for_path(dest);\n\n    if (!ss_src || !ss_dest) {\n        send_data(sock_fd, \"ERR100: Source or destination path not found\\n\", 45);\n        return;\n    }\n\n    // Determine if the source path is a file or directory\n    // For simplicity, assume the storage server can provide this information\n    // Alternatively, send a request to the storage server to determine the file type\n\n    // Assume we have a function to determine file type\n    if (is_directory(path)) {\n        // Copy directory\n        if (copy_directory(path, dest) == 0) {\n            send_data(sock_fd, \"ACK: COPY successful\\n\", 21);\n        } else {\n            send_data(sock_fd, \"ERR107: Copy operation failed\\n\", 31);\n        }\n    } else {\n        // Copy file\n        if (copy_file(path, dest) == 0) {\n            send_data(sock_fd, \"ACK: COPY successful\\n\", 21);\n        } else {\n            send_data(sock_fd, \"ERR107: Copy operation failed\\n\", 31);\n        }\n    }\n}\n```\n\n**Helper Function to Determine if Path is a Directory:**\n\n```c\nint is_directory(const char *path) {\n    // You can send a command to the storage server to determine if the path is a directory\n    // For simplicity, assume this function returns 1 if directory, 0 if file\n\n    // Implement this function based on your storage server's capabilities\n    return 0; // Placeholder\n}\n```\n\n---\n\n### **Notes and Considerations**\n\n- **Error Handling**: Ensure that all network communications handle errors gracefully. Check return values of `send`, `recv`, `connect`, etc.\n\n- **Memory Management**: Be cautious with memory allocations and make sure to `free` any allocated memory to prevent leaks.\n\n- **Concurrency**: If your naming server handles multiple client requests concurrently, ensure thread safety when accessing shared resources.\n\n- **Data Integrity**: When sending and receiving data over the network, consider implementing checksums or hashes if data integrity becomes a concern.\n\n- **Performance**: Copying large files through the naming server may become a bottleneck. In future iterations, you might consider enabling direct communication between storage servers for better performance.\n\n---\n\nBy implementing these changes, your naming server will orchestrate the `COPY` operation by utilizing the existing `READ` and `WRITE` functionalities of your storage servers, without performing local file operations.\n\nLet me know if you need any further clarification or assistance!",
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            "text": "you clearly are not understanding what im saying. right now we can't use fopen, fread and fwrite in our naming server because that just does thigns locally. instead of these file function syscalls, we will tell the destination path's correct storage server to execute these commands for us in the copy_file and copy_irectory function. we also need to implement the handling for this on the storage server side. this is what i want you to make happen. use the READ and WRITE functionalities that i've already implemented. make a new socket if you need to. instead of opening and reading and writing the file locally, send a read req to the storage server and get the file contens, then with these contens send a write request to the storage server containing thedestination path. i trust that this can happen within the copy_file and copy_directory functions itself. instead of telling the storage server to mkdir, just use the CREATE function that we already have implemented. send a create request to the correct destination storage server. so to summarize, instead of fopen and fread and fclose, use a simple READ request to the source path storage server. use WRITE request to the destination path storage server to write to the correct file in the destination storage server. to make a new directory, send over a CREATE request. all of this can be cleanly implemented within the naming server's copy_file and copy_directory functions. we shouldn't have to change anything in storage server. keep it simple",
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            "text": "you clearly are not understanding what im saying. right now we can't use fopen, fread and fwrite in our naming server because that just does thigns locally. instead of these file function syscalls, we will tell the destination path's correct storage server to execute these commands for us in the copy_file and copy_irectory function. we also need to implement the handling for this on the storage server side. this is what i want you to make happen. use the READ and WRITE functionalities that i've already implemented. make a new socket if you need to. instead of opening and reading and writing the file locally, send a read req to the storage server and get the file contens, then with these contens send a write request to the storage server containing thedestination path. i trust that this can happen within the copy_file and copy_directory functions itself. instead of telling the storage server to mkdir, just use the CREATE function that we already have implemented. send a create request to the correct destination storage server. so to summarize, instead of fopen and fread and fclose, use a simple READ request to the source path storage server. use WRITE request to the destination path storage server to write to the correct file in the destination storage server. to make a new directory, send over a CREATE request. all of this can be cleanly implemented within the naming server's copy_file and copy_directory functions. we shouldn't have to change anything in storage server. keep it simple",
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          "value": " to use sockets to send `READ`, `WRITE`, and `CREATE` commands to the storage servers instead of performing local file operations with `fopen`, `fread`, and `fwrite`. This way, the naming server will coordinate the copy operation by communicating with the storage servers, and you don't need to change anything on the storage server side.\n\nBelow are the modified versions of the `copy_file` and `copy_directory` functions that implement this functionality.\n\n---\n\n### **Modified `copy_file` Function**\n\n```c\n// Function to copy a file by communicating with storage servers\nint copy_file(const char *src_path, const char *dest_path) {\n    // Get storage servers for source and destination paths\n    StorageServer *ss_src = get_ss_for_path((char *)src_path);\n    StorageServer *ss_dest = get_ss_for_path((char *)dest_path);\n\n    if (!ss_src || !ss_dest) {\n        printf(\"Error: Unable to find storage server for source or destination path.\\n\");\n        return -1;\n    }\n\n    // Create sockets for communicating with storage servers\n    int ss_src_sock_fd = create_socket();\n    int ss_dest_sock_fd = create_socket();\n\n    // Connect to source storage server\n    if (connect_to_storage_server(ss_src_sock_fd, ss_src) < 0) {\n        close(ss_src_sock_fd);\n        return -1;\n    }\n\n    // Connect to destination storage server\n    if (connect_to_storage_server(ss_dest_sock_fd, ss_dest) < 0) {\n        close(ss_src_sock_fd);\n        close(ss_dest_sock_fd);\n        return -1;\n    }\n\n    // Send READ request to source storage server\n    char read_command[MAX_LENGTH];\n    snprintf(read_command, sizeof(read_command), \"READ %s\", src_path);\n    send_data(ss_src_sock_fd, read_command, strlen(read_command));\n\n    // Receive file contents from source storage server\n    char file_buffer[MAX_LENGTH];\n    memset(file_buffer, 0, sizeof(file_buffer));\n    receive_data(ss_src_sock_fd, file_buffer, sizeof(file_buffer));\n\n    // Close source storage server socket\n    close(ss_src_sock_fd);\n\n    // Send WRITE request to destination storage server\n    char write_command[MAX_LENGTH];\n    snprintf(write_command, sizeof(write_command), \"WRITE %s\", dest_path);\n    send_data(ss_dest_sock_fd, write_command, strlen(write_command));\n\n    // Send file contents to destination storage server\n    send_data(ss_dest_sock_fd, file_buffer, strlen(file_buffer));\n\n    // Indicate end of data transmission (if required by your protocol)\n    // send_data(ss_dest_sock_fd, \"EOF\", 3);\n\n    // Receive acknowledgment from destination storage server\n    char ack_buffer[MAX_LENGTH];\n    memset(ack_buffer, 0, sizeof(ack_buffer));\n    receive_data(ss_dest_sock_fd, ack_buffer, sizeof(ack_buffer));\n\n    // Close destination storage server socket\n    close(ss_dest_sock_fd);\n\n    if (strncmp(ack_buffer, \"ACK\", 3) == 0) {\n        return 0;  // Success\n    } else {\n        printf(\"Error: %s\\n\", ack_buffer);\n        return -1;  // Failure\n    }\n}\n```\n\n---\n\n### **Modified `copy_directory` Function**\n\n```c\n// Function to copy a directory recursively\nint copy_directory(const char *src_path, const char *dest_path) {\n    // Get storage servers for source and destination paths\n    StorageServer *ss_src = get_ss_for_path((char *)src_path);\n    StorageServer *ss_dest = get_ss_for_path((char *)dest_path);\n\n    if (!ss_src || !ss_dest) {\n        printf(\"Error: Unable to find storage server for source or destination path.\\n\");\n        return -1;\n    }\n\n    // Create socket to communicate with source storage server\n    int ss_src_sock_fd = create_socket();\n    if (connect_to_storage_server(ss_src_sock_fd, ss_src) < 0) {\n        close(ss_src_sock_fd);\n        return -1;\n    }\n\n    // Request directory listing from source storage server\n    char list_command[MAX_LENGTH];\n    snprintf(list_command, sizeof(list_command), \"LIST %s\", src_path);\n    send_data(ss_src_sock_fd, list_command, strlen(list_command));\n\n    // Receive directory contents from source storage server\n    char dir_contents[MAX_LENGTH];\n    memset(dir_contents, 0, sizeof(dir_contents));\n    receive_data(ss_src_sock_fd, dir_contents, sizeof(dir_contents));\n\n    // Close source storage server socket\n    close(ss_src_sock_fd);\n\n    // Create the destination directory on destination storage server\n    char dest_dir_command[MAX_LENGTH];\n    snprintf(dest_dir_command, sizeof(dest_dir_command), \"CREATE %s\", dest_path);\n\n    int ss_dest_sock_fd = create_socket();\n    if (connect_to_storage_server(ss_dest_sock_fd, ss_dest) < 0) {\n        close(ss_dest_sock_fd);\n        return -1;\n    }\n\n    // Send CREATE command to destination storage server\n    send_data(ss_dest_sock_fd, dest_dir_command, strlen(dest_dir_command));\n\n    // Receive acknowledgment from destination storage server\n    char ack_buffer[MAX_LENGTH];\n    memset(ack_buffer, 0, sizeof(ack_buffer));\n    receive_data(ss_dest_sock_fd, ack_buffer, sizeof(ack_buffer));\n\n    if (strncmp(ack_buffer, \"ACK\", 3) != 0) {\n        printf(\"Error creating directory on destination: %s\\n\", ack_buffer);\n        close(ss_dest_sock_fd);\n        return -1;\n    }\n\n    close(ss_dest_sock_fd);\n\n    // Parse directory contents and recursively copy each entry\n    char *entry = strtok(dir_contents, \"\\n\");\n    while (entry != NULL) {\n        char src_entry_path[1024];\n        char dest_entry_path[1024];\n\n        snprintf(src_entry_path, sizeof(src_entry_path), \"%s/%s\", src_path, entry);\n        snprintf(dest_entry_path, sizeof(dest_entry_path), \"%s/%s\", dest_path, entry);\n\n        // Determine if entry is a file or directory\n        // For simplicity, assume that the storage server indicates directories with a trailing '/'\n        size_t entry_len = strlen(entry);\n        if (entry[entry_len - 1] == '/') {\n            // Entry is a directory, recursively copy\n            if (copy_directory(src_entry_path, dest_entry_path) == -1) {\n                return -1;\n            }\n        } else {\n            // Entry is a file, copy file\n            if (copy_file(src_entry_path, dest_entry_path) == -1) {\n                return -1;\n            }\n        }\n\n        entry = strtok(NULL, \"\\n\");\n    }\n\n    return 0;\n}\n```\n\n---\n\n### **Helper Functions**\n\nYou may need a helper function to connect to the storage server:\n\n```c\n// Helper function to connect to a storage server\nint connect_to_storage_server(int sock_fd, StorageServer *ss) {\n    struct sockaddr_in ss_addr;\n    memset(&ss_addr, 0, sizeof(ss_addr));\n    ss_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;\n    ss_addr.sin_port = htons(ss->nm_port);\n\n    if (inet_pton(AF_INET, ss->ip, &ss_addr.sin_addr) <= 0) {\n        perror(\"Invalid storage server address\");\n        return -1;\n    }\n\n    if (connect(sock_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&ss_addr, sizeof(ss_addr)) < 0) {\n        perror(\"Connection to storage server failed\");\n        return -1;\n    }\n\n    return 0;\n}\n```\n\n---\n\n### **Explanation**\n\n- **`copy_file` Function**:\n  - **Source Storage Server**:\n    - Connect to the source storage server.\n    - Send a `READ` request for the source file path.\n    - Receive the file contents.\n  - **Destination Storage Server**:\n    - Connect to the destination storage server.\n    - Send a `WRITE` request for the destination file path.\n    - Send the file contents received from the source storage server.\n  - **Acknowledgment**:\n    - Receive acknowledgment from the destination storage server to confirm the write operation was successful.\n\n- **`copy_directory` Function**:\n  - **Source Storage Server**:\n    - Connect to the source storage server.\n    - Send a `LIST` request for the source directory path.\n    - Receive the list of entries in the directory.\n  - **Destination Storage Server**:\n    - Connect to the destination storage server.\n    - Send a `CREATE` request for the destination directory path to create the directory.\n  - **Recursion**:\n    - Iterate over each entry received from the source storage server.\n    - For each entry, determine if it's a file or directory based on a convention (e.g., directories end with '/').\n    - Recursively call `copy_directory` for directories and `copy_file` for files.\n\n---\n\n### **Updates to `process_client_request` Function**\n\nIn your `process_client_request` function, ensure that when handling the `COPY` operation, the modified `copy_file` and `copy_directory` functions are called. Remove any local file system checks like `stat`.\n\n```c\nelse if (strcmp(operation, \"COPY\") == 0) {\n    int result;\n\n    // Determine if the source is a file or directory\n    // For this, send a TYPE command to the source storage server\n    int ss_src_sock_fd = create_socket();\n    if (connect_to_storage_server(ss_src_sock_fd, ss) < 0) {\n        close(ss_src_sock_fd);\n        send_data(sock_fd, \"ERR100: Unable to connect to source storage server\\n\", 52);\n        return;\n    }\n\n    char type_command[MAX_LENGTH];\n    snprintf(type_command, sizeof(type_command), \"TYPE %s\", path);\n    send_data(ss_src_sock_fd, type_command, strlen(type_command));\n\n    char type_response[MAX_LENGTH];\n    memset(type_response, 0, sizeof(type_response));\n    receive_data(ss_src_sock_fd, type_response, sizeof(type_response));\n\n    close(ss_src_sock_fd);\n\n    if (strncmp(type_response, \"FILE\", 4) == 0) {\n        // Copy file\n        result = copy_file(path, dest);\n    } else if (strncmp(type_response, \"DIRECTORY\", 9) == 0) {\n        // Copy directory\n        result = copy_directory(path, dest);\n    } else {\n        send_data(sock_fd, \"ERR107: Unsupported source type\\n\", 33);\n        return;\n    }\n\n    if (result == 0) {\n        send_data(sock_fd, \"ACK: COPY Successful\\n\", 21);\n    } else {\n        send_data(sock_fd, \"ERR107: Copy operation failed\\n\", 31);\n    }\n}\n```\n\n---\n\n### **Assumptions**\n\n- **Commands Implemented on Storage Server**:\n  - The storage server supports the following commands:\n    - `READ <path>`: Returns the content of the file at `<path>`.\n    - `WRITE <path>`: Prepares to receive data to write to `<path>`.\n    - `CREATE <path>`: Creates a directory at `<path>`.\n    - `LIST <path>`: Returns a list of entries in the directory at `<path>`, with directories indicated by a trailing '/'.\n    - `TYPE <path>`: Returns `FILE` or `DIRECTORY` to indicate the type of the path.\n\n- **Communication Protocol**:\n  - The `send_data` and `receive_data` functions handle all necessary data transmission, including any headers or termination sequences required by your protocol.\n  - The storage server responds with appropriate acknowledgments starting with `ACK` upon successful operations.\n\n- **Error Handling**:\n  - The functions handle errors by returning `-1` and printing error messages. Adjust as necessary to fit your error handling scheme.\n\n---\n\n### **Notes**\n\n- **No Changes to Storage Server Code**:\n  - The solution assumes that the necessary commands (`READ`, `WRITE`, `CREATE`, `LIST`, `TYPE`) are already implemented on the storage server as per your existing functionality.\n  - Since we shouldn't change the storage server code, we use only these existing functionalities.\n\n- **Simplified Implementation**:\n  - Complexities such as handling large files, streaming data, or handling partial reads/writes are abstracted away for simplicity.\n  - For actual implementations, consider handling data in chunks and ensuring proper data integrity.\n\n- **Recursive Directory Copying**:\n  - The `copy_directory` function recursively copies directories by listing entries and calling itself or `copy_file` as appropriate.\n\n- **Storage Server Paths**:\n  - Ensure that the paths used in commands are correctly formatted and accessible by the storage server.\n\n---\n\nI hope these modifications to your `copy_file` and `copy_directory` functions in ",
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            "text": "what even is list? we don't have a command by that name. only use read write a create requests. you shouldn't have to use anything else. read through our entire storage_server implementation. realise that this is very simple. all we have to do is READ request instead of freading, then taking that read content and using a WRITE request instead of using fwrite to the correct storage server using get_ss_for_path function, then to make directories, we just call the create request to the storage server. please implement this again, correctly this time.",
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          "value": " to use only the existing `READ`, `WRITE`, and `CREATE` commands to interact with the storage servers. We'll use `get_ss_for_path` to find the correct storage servers for the source and destination paths. We'll also utilize the trie data structure in the naming server to traverse directories.\n\nHere are the modified functions:\n\n---\n\n### **Modified `copy_file` Function**\n\n```c\n// Function to copy a file using READ and WRITE commands\nint copy_file(const char *src_path, const char *dest_path) {\n    // Get storage servers for source and destination paths\n    StorageServer *ss_src = get_ss_for_path((char *)src_path);\n    StorageServer *ss_dest = get_ss_for_path((char *)dest_path);\n\n    if (!ss_src || !ss_dest) {\n        printf(\"Error: Storage server not found for source or destination path.\\n\");\n        return -1;\n    }\n\n    // Connect to source storage server\n    int ss_src_sock_fd = create_socket();\n    if (connect_to_storage_server(ss_src_sock_fd, ss_src) < 0) {\n        close(ss_src_sock_fd);\n        return -1;\n    }\n\n    // Send READ command to source storage server\n    char read_command[MAX_LENGTH];\n    snprintf(read_command, sizeof(read_command), \"READ %s\", src_path);\n    send_data(ss_src_sock_fd, read_command, strlen(read_command));\n\n    // Receive file contents from source storage server\n    char file_buffer[MAX_LENGTH];\n    memset(file_buffer, 0, sizeof(file_buffer));\n    receive_data(ss_src_sock_fd, file_buffer, sizeof(file_buffer));\n\n    // Close source storage server connection\n    close(ss_src_sock_fd);\n\n    // Connect to destination storage server\n    int ss_dest_sock_fd = create_socket();\n    if (connect_to_storage_server(ss_dest_sock_fd, ss_dest) < 0) {\n        close(ss_dest_sock_fd);\n        return -1;\n    }\n\n    // Send CREATE command to destination storage server to create the file\n    char create_command[MAX_LENGTH];\n    snprintf(create_command, sizeof(create_command), \"CREATE %s\", dest_path);\n    send_data(ss_dest_sock_fd, create_command, strlen(create_command));\n\n    // Receive acknowledgment from destination storage server\n    char ack_buffer[MAX_LENGTH];\n    memset(ack_buffer, 0, sizeof(ack_buffer));\n    receive_data(ss_dest_sock_fd, ack_buffer, sizeof(ack_buffer));\n\n    if (strncmp(ack_buffer, \"ACK\", 3) != 0) {\n        printf(\"Error creating file on destination storage server: %s\\n\", ack_buffer);\n        close(ss_dest_sock_fd);\n        return -1;\n    }\n\n    // Send WRITE command to destination storage server\n    char write_command[MAX_LENGTH];\n    snprintf(write_command, sizeof(write_command), \"WRITE %s\", dest_path);\n    send_data(ss_dest_sock_fd, write_command, strlen(write_command));\n\n    // Send file contents to destination storage server\n    send_data(ss_dest_sock_fd, file_buffer, strlen(file_buffer));\n\n    // Receive acknowledgment from destination storage server\n    memset(ack_buffer, 0, sizeof(ack_buffer));\n    receive_data(ss_dest_sock_fd, ack_buffer, sizeof(ack_buffer));\n\n    // Close destination storage server connection\n    close(ss_dest_sock_fd);\n\n    if (strncmp(ack_buffer, \"ACK\", 3) == 0) {\n        printf(\"File copied successfully from %s to %s\\n\", src_path, dest_path);\n        return 0;\n    } else {\n        printf(\"Error writing file to destination storage server: %s\\n\", ack_buffer);\n        return -1;\n    }\n}\n```\n\n---\n\n### **Modified `copy_directory` Function**\n\n```c\n// Function to copy a directory recursively using CREATE, READ, and WRITE commands\nint copy_directory(const char *src_path, const char *dest_path) {\n    // Get storage servers for source and destination paths\n    StorageServer *ss_src = get_ss_for_path((char *)src_path);\n    StorageServer *ss_dest = get_ss_for_path((char *)dest_path);\n\n    if (!ss_src || !ss_dest) {\n        printf(\"Error: Storage server not found for source or destination path.\\n\");\n        return -1;\n    }\n\n    // Create the destination directory on the destination storage server\n    int ss_dest_sock_fd = create_socket();\n    if (connect_to_storage_server(ss_dest_sock_fd, ss_dest) < 0) {\n        close(ss_dest_sock_fd);\n        return -1;\n    }\n\n    // Send CREATE command to create the directory\n    char create_command[MAX_LENGTH];\n    snprintf(create_command, sizeof(create_command), \"CREATE %s\", dest_path);\n    send_data(ss_dest_sock_fd, create_command, strlen(create_command));\n\n    // Receive acknowledgment\n    char ack_buffer[MAX_LENGTH];\n    memset(ack_buffer, 0, sizeof(ack_buffer));\n    receive_data(ss_dest_sock_fd, ack_buffer, sizeof(ack_buffer));\n\n    close(ss_dest_sock_fd);\n\n    if (strncmp(ack_buffer, \"ACK\", 3) != 0) {\n        printf(\"Error creating directory on destination storage server: %s\\n\", ack_buffer);\n        return -1;\n    }\n\n    // Get entries in the source directory using the trie\n    TrieNode* src_node = find_trie_node(src_path);\n    if (!src_node) {\n        printf(\"Error: Source directory not found in trie.\\n\");\n        return -1;\n    }\n\n    // Iterate over the entries\n    for (int i = 0; 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i < MAX_SUB_DIR; i++) {\n        if (node->children[i] != NULL)\n            return true;\n    }\n    return false;\n}\n```\n\n---\n\n### **Helper Functions**\n\n#### **Function to Find a Trie Node**\n\n```c\n// Function to find a trie node for a given path\nTrieNode* find_trie_node(const char* path) {\n    if (strcmp(path, \"/\") == 0) {\n        return root;\n    }\n\n    char path_copy[MAX_LENGTH];\n    strcpy(path_copy, path);\n    char* token = strtok(path_copy, \"/\");\n    TrieNode* current = root;\n\n    while (token != NULL) {\n        bool found = false;\n        for (int i = 0; i < MAX_SUB_DIR; i++) {\n            if (current->children[i] != NULL && strcmp(current->children[i]->name, token) == 0) {\n                current = current->children[i];\n                found = true;\n                break;\n            }\n        }\n        if (!found) {\n            return NULL;\n        }\n        token = strtok(NULL, \"/\");\n    }\n\n    return current;\n}\n```\n\n#### **Function to Connect to Storage Server**\n\n```c\n// Helper function to connect to a storage server\nint connect_to_storage_server(int sock_fd, StorageServer *ss) {\n    struct sockaddr_in ss_addr;\n    memset(&ss_addr, 0, sizeof(ss_addr));\n    ss_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;\n    ss_addr.sin_port = htons(ss->nm_port);  // Use the correct port for the storage server\n\n    if (inet_pton(AF_INET, ss->ip, &ss_addr.sin_addr) <= 0) {\n        perror(\"Invalid storage server address\");\n        return -1;\n    }\n\n    if (connect(sock_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&ss_addr, sizeof(ss_addr)) < 0) {\n        perror(\"Connection to storage server failed\");\n        return -1;\n    }\n\n    return 0;\n}\n```\n\n---\n\n### **Updates in `process_client_request` Function**\n\nModify the handling of the `COPY` command to use the updated `copy_file` and `copy_directory` functions:\n\n```c\nelse if (strcmp(operation, \"COPY\") == 0) {\n    TrieNode* src_node = find_trie_node(path);\n    if (!src_node) {\n        printf(\"Source path not found in trie: %s\\n\", path);\n        send_data(sock_fd, \"ERR100: Source path not found\\n\", 30);\n        return;\n    }\n\n    // Determine if source is a file or directory\n    int result;\n    if (has_children(src_node)) {\n        // Source is a directory\n        result = copy_directory(path, dest);\n    } else {\n        // Source is a file\n        result = copy_file(path, dest);\n    }\n\n    if (result == 0) {\n        // Update the trie with the new path\n        add_path((char *)dest, ss_dest->id);\n        send_data(sock_fd, \"ACK: COPY successful\\n\", 21);\n    } else {\n        send_data(sock_fd, \"ERR107: Copy operation failed\\n\", 31);\n    }\n}\n```\n\n---\n\n### **Notes**\n\n- **Trie Structure**: The trie serves as a representation of the file system hierarchy. 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