Assimilation.nlogo

;; NOTES TO READER:
;;
;; 1) I used 2007-2011, 5-yr, American Community Survey data to contextualize model with real world statistics, except where otherwise stated.
;;    (additional data is primariy from CIA World FactBook, Census Bureau, and a few numbers are lightly invented)
;;
;; 2) ALL plotting commands, except histograms, are in the plots themselves (I decided it's less cluttered there)
;;    I use the word "socialize" loosely in comments... I think of it as social/work/school/some other interaction/etc all rolled into one
;;
;; 3) Lastly, thanks to Uri Wilensky for inspiring some of the critical components of this model.
;;    The functions called "be-social", "acquire-english", and "marry" borrow a socializing function from Wilensky's AIDS model, available in the
;;    NetLogo libary, part of the standard installation at the time of this code's writing.
;;

;;************************;;
;;INITIAL SETUP PROCEDURES;;
;;************************;;

breed [natives native]
breed [foreigns foreign]  ;; this should be divided into more specific groups in a future model

globals [

  ;;----------------------------------------------;;
  ;;CUSTOMIZE THESE VALUES IN FUNCTION: "TO SETUP";;
  ;;       (or use sliders when available)        ;;
  ;;----------------------------------------------;;

  population  ;; total population size
  proportion-native  ;; proportion native to the stage under observation at init
  proportion-foreign  ;; this + proprortion = 1

  pop-init-native  ;; this lets the model output the starting native population size
  pop-init-foreign  ;; same, but for foreign breed

  birth-rate  ;; a constant based on annual birth rate, converted for the model
  death-rate  ;; a constant based on annual death rate, converted for the model
  mig-arrive-rate  ;; a constant based on annual in-migration rate, converted for the model
  mig-depart-rate  ;; a constant based on annual out-migration rate, converted for the model

  ;;---------------------------------------------;;
  ;;THESE ARE COUNTERS, NOTHING HERE TO CUSTOMIZE;;
  ;;---------------------------------------------;;

  birth-growth ;; a value-holder that increases at the rate above each tick; when it reaches 1, a new agent is "born" and this counter is reduced by 1.
  death-growth  ;; a value-holder that increases at the rate above each tick; when it reaches 1, an agent is set to "dead." If deaths from old age are common, this value will be negative
  mig-arrive-growth ;; a value-holder that increases at the rate above; when it reaches 1, a new agent is "arrives"
  mig-depart-growth ;; a value-holder that increases at the rate above; when it reaches 1, a new agent "departs"

  births ;; just a counter for population increase via births (informational purposes only)
  deaths ;; just a counter for population decrease via deaths (informational purposes only)
  in-mig  ;; just a counter for population increase via migration (informational purposes only)
  out-mig  ;; just a counter for population decrease via migration (informational purposes only)

  ]

turtles-own [

  ;;-----------------------------------------------------;;
  ;; MEASURE THESE TO CHECK FOR ASSIMILATED INDIVIDUALS  ;;
  ;;(SES, english, intermarriage?, spatial-concentration);;
  ;;-----------------------------------------------------;;

  SES ;; A proxy for class. Uses six options derived from custom ACS variable: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 (Poverty, Working, Lower, Middle, Upper-Mid, Upper)
  english ;; proportional fluency (0 to 1) to native group of same status--unrealistic 1 IS attainable over time, but won't occur for all foreigns
  intermarriage? ;; married to other group? (only intermarried foreigns count for assimilation)
  spatial-concentration ;; Proxy: defined for each agent as the calculation of (number of other same-breed in proximity / number of other breed in proximity) <- excludes self from calculation

  assimilated?  ;; foreign-use only! (Natives always set this to 0 rather than T/F). Returns True if 3/4 conditions are met.

  ;; these variables are checked and updated every tick. They influence what actions are available and the probability of certain functions triggering a pass/fail
  social?
  age

  ;; these variables are set, permitted to update once, then remain static ("intermarriage?" follows this rule, too!)
  married?
  marriage-partner  ;; will report nobody if partner dies, but remarrying is not currently an option

  ]

to setup
  clear-all

  set population set-population-size  ;; estimated 307M population in 2011 (ACS data)
  set proportion-native (set-percent-native / 100) * population
  set proportion-foreign (1 - (set-percent-native / 100)) * population

  ;; These rates calculated by the following:
  ;; (rate per 1000 population) * 307000 / 1000000 / 52 ;; In English: (constant rate from data) * (307000 to reach estimated 3.7M population in 2011) / (1000000 to scale back to my model's size) / (52 weeks in year) = rate of growth per week (tick)
  ;;
  ;; The default values are based on rates provided by CIA WorldFactBook 2011 data as follows:
  ;; birth-rate: 13.83
  ;; death-rate: 8.38
  ;; Net-migration: 4.18 (I split it as follows to allow people to leave and arrive: ...)
  ;; In-migration: 5.18
  ;; Out-migration: 1.00

  set birth-rate .08
  set death-rate .05
  set mig-arrive-rate 0.03
  set mig-depart-rate 0.006

  set-default-shape turtles "person"

  population-init

  updateHistogram ;; these are SES histograms

  reset-ticks   ;; set ticks to 0. Each tick = 1 week in this model
end

  ;;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------;;
  ;;                INITIAL POPULATION DATA IS BASED ON NORMAL DISTRIBUTION FROM SURVEY CALCULATIONS OR OFFICIAL NATIONAL DATA                        ;;
  ;;(the "native" breed distributions also apply to newborns if the born_as_native_always? is set to true. Otherwise, newborns inherit parent's data) ;;
  ;;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------;;

to population-init
    ask n-of proportion-native patches[
    sprout-natives 1
    [
      setxy random-xcor random-ycor
      set color blue  ;; distinguishes one breed from another
      set social? False ;; not born socializing
      set SES round abs random-normal 2.72 1.67  ;; set economic/class status
      set age random-normal 36.47 23.19  ;; initial populations aren't born simultaneously
      set english 1  ;; I don't see a point in setting this below 1 for natives (see actual data on the lines immediately below this)
      ;set english random-normal 0.974 0.086  ;; In 2011 (ACS dataset) values are Mean:  4.87 Std Dev: .43 on 1-5 scale. Here, converted to 0-1 scale.

      set married? False ;; by default set everyone unmarried at init. Probably of marriage increases with age starting at 18
      set intermarriage? False  ;; not born intermarried -- might change once marriage partner is found

      ;;after everything is set for an agent, check the agent's normally-distributed values for realism and re-try until corrected
      while [SES < 1 or SES = 0 or SES < 0 or SES > 6]
      [
        set SES round abs random-normal 2.72 1.67
      ]

      while [age < 0]  ;; in most tests, this check is unnecessary--added for safety
      [
        set age random-normal 36.47 23.19
      ]

      ;;set spatial-concentration 0 ;; actually, this is calculated at every tick--no need to set a default

      ;; no "assimilated?" parameter needed for native-born... will report as "0" for natives, but is never used
      ]
    ]

    ask n-of proportion-foreign patches[
    sprout-foreigns 1
    [
      setxy random-xcor random-ycor
      set color red  ;; distinguishes one breed from another
      set social? False  ;; not born socializing
      set SES round random-normal 2.27 1.44  ;; set economic/class status
      set age random-normal 42.04 17.99  ;; initial populations aren't born simultaneously
      set english random-normal 0.646 0.246  ;; In 2011 (ACS dataset) values are Mean:  3.23 Std Dev: 1.23 on 1-5 scale. Here, converted to 0-1 scale.
      if english < 0
      [
        set english 0
      ]
      set married? False ;; by default set everyone unmarried at init. Probably of marriage increases with age starting at 18
      set intermarriage? False  ;; not born intermarried -- might change once marriage partner is found

                                ;;set spatial-concentration 0 ;; actually, this is calculated at every tick--no need to set a default

      set assimilated? False  ;; This is set to True by another function. Once "True" it won't revert to "False"


      ;;after everything is set for an agent, check the agent's normally-distributed values for realism and re-try until corrected
      while [SES < 1 or SES = 0 or SES < 0 or SES > 6]  ;; in most tests, this check is unnecessary--added for safety
      [
        set SES round random-normal 2.27 1.44
      ]

      while [age < 0]  ;; in most tests, this check is unnecessary--added for safety
      [
        set age random-normal 42.04 17.99
      ]

    ]
    ]

    set pop-init-native count natives
    set pop-init-foreign count foreigns

end

;;************************;;
;;  POST-SETUP ACTIVITIES ;;
;; (finally some action!) ;;
;;************************;;

to go

  ;;--------------------;;
  ;;MAKE AGENTS DO STUFF;;
  ;;--------------------;;

  ask turtles
  [
    agify  ;; make the turtles get older (and show it!)
    move   ;; Can't be social if nobody gets together
    be-social   ;; Initiate a check that the conditions to socialize are met--and adjust status accordingly
    un-social   ;; un-social check is initiated immediately before other social-dependent functions... Therefore, if socializing fails or ends, nothing else can happen.
    acquire-english    ;; While socializing, English ability improves
    marry   ;; sets probability for marriage, but only occurs while socializing
    spatial-concentration-check  ;; Checks who neighbors are, regardless of "social?" status
    assimilation-check  ;; every round, see if assimilation conditions are met for each agent and report
  ]

  ;;---------------------;;
  ;;POP CHANGE FUNCTIONS ;;
  ;;(world-level changes);;
  ;;---------------------;;

  birth-check       ;; controls birth rate (breed is loosely controlled by "born_as_native_always?" variable)
  migrant-arrive    ;; controls arrival

  death-check       ;; controls death rates--well, tries to. People also die at age 115, so if the model runs long enough then this check only prevents people UNDER age 115 from dieing
  migrant-depart    ;; controls departure rate (anyone can be selected to leave)

  updateHistogram

  tick  ;; 1 tick = 1 week.
end

  ;;---------------------------------------------;;
  ;;              UPDATE HISTOGRAMS              ;;
  ;;(other plots have codes inside, on interface);;
  ;;---------------------------------------------;;


to updateHistogram
  set-current-plot "plot-immigrant-SES"
  set-plot-pen-mode 1
  histogram [SES] of foreigns

  set-current-plot "plot-native-SES"
  set-plot-pen-mode 1
  histogram [SES] of natives

  set-current-plot "plot-age"
  set-plot-pen-mode 1
  histogram [age] of turtles

end

  ;;-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------;;
  ;;    THIS IS THE BEGINNING OF THE FLOW-CHART ACTIVITY SHOWN/DESCRIBED IN THE PAPER    ;;
  ;;(ALL agents do the following; "social?" state is checked within the actual functions);;
  ;;-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------;;

to agify ;; I like to make up new words
  ifelse breed = natives [
    set color scale-color blue age 200 -100   ;; This range scales colors from light to dark based on agent's age. The large range prevents white and black extremes by extending well beyond the possible values of "age."
    set age age + 1 / 52
  ]
  [
    set color scale-color red age 200 -100
    set age age + 1 / 52
  ]

  if age >= 78[ ;; This will be checked every week after the agent turns 78.0 years of age
    if random-float 1 < age / 156 / 52 ;; this sub-function gives my agents approximately 1% chance to die at its 78.0th year of age. This value increases slightly each week.
      [
        if death-growth > 0 [
          set death-growth death-growth - 1 ;; helps mitigate excessive death of population
          set deaths deaths + 1
          ask (patch-here) [set pcolor black]  ;; reset patch
          die ;; kill turtle -- last thing to do because the turtle is ASKED to do the other things!
        ]
      ]
  ]

  if age >= 115
    [
      set death-growth death-growth - 1 ;; helps mitigate excessive death of population
      set deaths deaths + 1  ;; must be adjusted before turtle actually dies, because the turtle is "asked" to do this!
      ask (patch-here) [set pcolor black]  ;; reset patch
      die ;; kill turtle -- last thing to do because the turtle is ASKED to do other things!
    ]
end


to move
  if social? = false[
    let nearest-similar min-one-of (other turtles with [((breed = [breed] of myself) or (assimilated? = [assimilated?] of myself)) and ((SES = [SES] of myself) or (SES = [SES] of myself + 1)) and ((age - [age] of myself < 5) or ([age] of myself - age < 5))]) [ distance myself ]  ;; locate the person MOST like myself and move that direction (can stop to socialize with others along the way)
    if nearest-similar = nobody  ;; in place for safety... has crashed with this condition left unchecked
    [
      set nearest-similar min-one-of (other turtles with [(SES = [SES] of myself or SES = [SES] of myself + 1 or breed = [breed] of myself) and ((age - [age] of myself < 5) or ([age] of myself - age < 5))]) [ distance myself ]  ;; if all conditions aren't met, settle for basics and choose one of major categories within age range
      face nearest-similar   ;; face that similar other so you can move towards him/her
    ]
    forward 3   ;;  get closer and maybe say "hi!" to someone along the way! (find out in the next function "be-social")
  ]
end

to be-social ;; This function adapted and modified from the AIDS model by Uri Wilensky, copyright 1997, available in NetLogo's model library. I use this type of function (the "potential-partner" evaluation/social? status change) multiple times, but I swear they're all copied equally from the same source...
  let potential-partner one-of other (turtles in-radius 2) with [((SES = [SES] of myself) or (breed = [breed] of myself) or (assimilated? = [assimilated?] of myself)) and ((age - [age] of myself < 5) or ([age] of myself - age < 5)) and ((breed = [breed] of myself) or (english > [english] of myself - .1 and english < [english] of myself + .1)) ] ;; make sure we have SOMETHING in common and communicate reasonably well
  if potential-partner != nobody;; make sure I am capable of interacting as well
    [
      set social? True   ;; "I can be social with multiple turtles... if they come to me (I don't move while social)"
      move-to patch-here ;; move to center of patch
      ask patch-here [ set pcolor [color] of myself - 3 ]
      ask potential-partner [  ;; do all the same stuff I do
        set social? True
        move-to patch-here
        ask patch-here [ set pcolor [color] of myself - 3 ]
      ]
    ]
end

to un-social
  if social?
    [ if random-float 1 < age / 115 [  ;; Agent becomes less tolerant of interaction as with age. 115 is the the maximum an agent can live, so there's always at least a small chance of being social
      set social? False          ;; Quit being social
      ask patch-here [ set pcolor black ] ;; reset patch so it doesn't draw observer's attention
    ]

    let potential-partner one-of other (turtles in-radius 1) with [SES = [SES] of myself and english > 0] ;; check again... if nobody around, stop talking to yourself!
    if potential-partner = nobody[  ;; friends all left
      set social? False             ;; You're not talking to anyone... don't lie about it
      ask patch-here [ set pcolor black ]  ;; reset patch so it doesn't draw observer's attention
    ]
    ]
end

to acquire-english ;; based on the "be-social" function above. See comments there for more info including additional citation info.
  let potential-speaker one-of other (turtles in-radius 2) with [social?]  ;; this just ensures that at least one person is nearby and talking
  if social? and potential-speaker != nobody;;  only increase English proficiency while near English speakers
  [
    ifelse english < 1  ;; if I'm not fluent in English
    [ let potential-speaker-fluency ((sum [english] of other (turtles in-radius 2) with [social?]) / count other (turtles in-radius 2) with [social?]) ;; then figure out the rate at which English is being used (it's not actually used... this is an assumption)
      if potential-speaker-fluency != 0 ;; if I can hear some english...
      [
        ifelse age > 13  ;; and I'm either above the critical threshhold for becoming a native speaker or I'm not...
        [ let english-rate ((0.00526 * 1 * potential-speaker-fluency) / (age - 13) + .001)  ;; if not, I'll probably learn English at a maximum rate of .001. This means I'd take close to 20 yrs to approach nativity without any knowledge of English already
           set english english + english-rate ]
        [ let english-rate (0.00526 * 1 * potential-speaker-fluency) ;; if I'm 13 or younger, I can learn much faster
           set english english + english-rate ]
      ]
    ] ;; rate = 1/190.06 = 1/3.655*52 = 1 / (average time for children to reach native proficiency * 52 weeks/yr) = 0.00526
    [set english 1]  ;; a check to make sure English never exceeds 1
  ]
end

to marry ;; based on the "be-social" function above. See comments there for more info including additional citation info.
  if social? and not married? and age >= 18
  [
    let potential-partner one-of other (turtles in-radius 2) with [social? and not married? and ((SES = [SES] of myself) or (SES = [SES] of myself + 1) or (SES = [SES] of myself - 1)) and ((english < [english] of myself + 0.1 and english > [english] of myself - 0.1) or breed = [breed] of myself) and age >= 18]
    if potential-partner != nobody[
      if random-float 1 < age / 52  ;; probability for marriage remains above 0 and increases with age
      [
        if random-float 1 < [age] of potential-partner / 52
        [
          set married? True
          set marriage-partner potential-partner
          ask potential-partner
          [
            set married? True
            set marriage-partner myself
          ]
          if breed != [breed] of marriage-partner
          [
            set intermarriage? True
            ask marriage-partner
            [
              set intermarriage? True
            ]
          ]
          if SES != [SES] of marriage-partner  ;;  partner with lowest SES inherits the status of the larger SES
          [
            if SES > [SES] of marriage-partner
            [
              ask marriage-partner
              [
                set SES [SES] of myself
              ]
            ]
            if SES < [SES] of marriage-partner
            [
              set SES [SES] of marriage-partner
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
  ]
end

to spatial-concentration-check   ;; constantly changes--this is the wildcard of the model; because assimilation is perceived, perception can be somewhat altered
  let spatial-concentration-diff count (other turtles in-radius 1) with [breed != [breed] of myself]
  let spatial-concentration-same count (other turtles in-radius 1) with [breed = [breed] of myself]
  if spatial-concentration-same != 0 or spatial-concentration-diff != 0
  [
    set spatial-concentration spatial-concentration-same / (spatial-concentration-diff + spatial-concentration-same)  ;; calculate 0-1 concentration. Assimlation condition is met if <= 0.5
  ]
end

to assimilation-check ;; this check goes in one direction. Once someone earns assimilation status, it can't be unearned (not too realistic, if we're honest)
  if assimilated? = false[
    let assimilation-value 0
    if SES >= mean [SES] of natives [
      set assimilation-value assimilation-value + 1
    ]
    if english = 1[
      set assimilation-value assimilation-value + 1
    ]
    if intermarriage?[
      set assimilation-value assimilation-value + 1
    ]
    if spatial-concentration < 0.5[
      set assimilation-value assimilation-value + 1
    ]
    set assimilation-value assimilation-value / 4

    if assimilation-value >= .75
    [set assimilated? True]
  ]
end

  ;;-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------;;
  ;;   THESE FUNCTIONS CONTROL THE POPULATION CHANGES THAT RECUR AT REGULAR INTERVALS    ;;
  ;; (if you like the normally distribtued values, none of this should require changing) ;;  <--- NO! Udate these values to variables in a future version. One-stop place for value updates. Maybe add sliders?
  ;;-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------;;

to birth-check
  set birth-growth birth-growth + birth-rate

  ifelse born_as_native_always? = True
  [;; born_as_native_always? = True
    if birth-growth >= 1  ;; if the variable increases to a whole value, let's make that whole born--because the growth per tick is a decimal, 1 is a sufficiently large whole value
    [
      ask one-of turtles
      [
        hatch-natives 1
        [
          set color blue
          set social? False ;; not born socializing
          set SES round random-normal 2.72 1.67  ;; set economic/class status
          set age 0  ;; can't be born with an age > 0!
          set english 1  ;; I don't see a point in setting this below 1 (see actual data on the line below this)
                         ;set english random-normal 0.974 0.086  ;; In 2011 (ACS dataset) values are Mean:  4.87 Std Dev: .43 on 1-5 scale. Here, converted to 0-1 scale.
          set married? False ;; by default set everyone unmarried at init. Probably of marriage increases with age starting at 18
          set intermarriage? False  ;; not born intermarried -- might change once marriage partner is found
          set marriage-partner nobody
          while [SES < 1 or SES > 6]  ;; in most tests, this check is unnecessary--added for safety
          [
            set SES round random-normal 2.72 1.67
          ]
        ]
      ]
      set birth-growth birth-growth - 1 ;; subtract the one that was born from the variable
      set births births + 1
    ]
  ]
  [;; born_as_native_always? = False
    if birth-growth >= 1  ;; if the variable increases to a whole value, let's make that whole born--because the growth per tick is a decimal, 1 is a sufficiently large whole value
    [
      ask one-of turtles
      [
        hatch 1
          [
            set social? False ;; not born socializing
            ;set SES ;; should be inherited
            set age 0  ;; can't be born with an age > 0!
            set english 1  ;; I don't see a point in setting this below 1 for anyone born in the U.S.
            set married? False ;; by default set everyone unmarried at init. Probably of marriage increases with age starting at 18
            set intermarriage? False  ;; not born intermarried -- might change once marriage partner is found
            set marriage-partner nobody
          ]
      ]
      set birth-growth birth-growth - 1 ;; subtract the one that was born from the variable
      set births births + 1
    ]
  ]
end

to migrant-arrive
  set mig-arrive-growth mig-arrive-growth + mig-arrive-rate

  if mig-arrive-growth >= 1  ;; if the variable increases to a whole value, let's make that whole born--because the growth per tick is a decimal, 1 is a sufficiently large whole value
  [
    ask one-of patches
    [
      sprout-foreigns 1
      [
        set color red
        set social? False  ;; doesn't arrive socializing
        set SES round random-normal 2.27 1.44  ;; set economic/class status
        set age random-normal 42.04 17.99  ;; maintain normal distribution of age for foreigns
        set english random-normal 0.646 0.246  ;; In 2011 (ACS dataset) values are Mean:  3.23 Std Dev: 1.23 on 1-5 scale. Here, converted to 0-1 scale.
        if english < 0
        [
          set english 0
        ]
        set married? False ;; by default set everyone unmarried at init. Probably of marriage increases with age starting at 18
        set intermarriage? False  ;; not born intermarried -- might change once marriage partner is found

                                  ;;set spatial-concentration 0 ;; actually, this is calculated at every tick--no need to set a default

        set assimilated? False  ;; by default -- has to be earned
        while [SES < 1 or SES > 6]  ;; in most tests, this check is unnecessary--added for safety
        [
          set SES round random-normal 2.27 1.44
        ]
        while [age < 0]
        [
          set age random-normal 42.04 17.99
        ]
      ]
     set in-mig in-mig + 1
     set mig-arrive-growth mig-arrive-growth - 1
    ]
  ]
end


to death-check
  set death-growth death-growth + death-rate

  if death-growth >= 1  ;; if the variable increases to a whole value, let's make that whole born--because the growth per tick is a decimal, 1 is a sufficiently large whole value
  [
    ask one-of turtles
    [
      ask (patch-here) [set pcolor black] ;; reset patch
      die ;; kill turtle - last thing to do because agent is ASKED to do the other things!
      ]
    set death-growth death-growth - 1 ;; subtract the one that was born from the variable
    set deaths deaths + 1
  ]
end

to migrant-depart
  set mig-depart-growth mig-depart-growth + mig-depart-rate

  if mig-depart-growth >= 1  ;; if the variable increases to a whole value, let's make that whole born--because the growth per tick is a decimal, 1 is a sufficiently large whole value
  [
    ask one-of turtles
    [
      ask (patch-here) [set pcolor black] ;; reset patch
      die
    ]
    set out-mig out-mig + 1
    set mig-depart-growth mig-depart-growth - 1
  ]
end


;;*******************************************************************;;
;;                      GIVE ME SOME RESULTS!                        ;;
;;(modify this at your discretion to output some results, as desired);;
;;*******************************************************************;;

to sweep ;; borrowed from code provided by Steve Scott
  let num-replicates 10  ;; 30 runs of the model should be enough to get an idea
  let num-ticks 4056  ;;  run for 78 simulated years. This is roughly the median lifespan for an American... how much will change in one lifetime?
  let i 0
  let results-list []



  ; Case 1:
  ; born_as_always? True
  ;
  ; print CSV headers
  file-open "case_1.csv"
  ;file-print ("run_num, born_as_native_always?, Initial_Native_Pop, Initial_Foreign_Pop, Prop_Init_Foreign, Final_Native_Pop, Final_Foreign_Pop, Prop_Final_Foreign, births_tot, deaths_tot, in-mig_tot, english?_prop, ses?_prop, intermarriage?_prop, spatial?_prop, assimilated?_prop")
  file-close

  set i 0
  set born_as_native_always? True
  set results-list []
  while [ i < num-replicates ]
  [
    setup
    repeat num-ticks [ go ]
    ;set results-list (fput (count foreigns with [assimilated?]) results-list)
    set i (i + 1)
    file-open "case_1.csv"
    file-print (list i "," born_as_native_always? "," pop-init-native "," pop-init-foreign "," (pop-init-foreign / (pop-init-foreign + pop-init-native)) "," count natives "," count foreigns "," (count foreigns / count turtles) "," births "," deaths "," in-mig "," (count foreigns with [english >= .75] / count foreigns) "," (count foreigns with [SES >= mean [SES] of natives] / count foreigns) "," (count foreigns with [intermarriage? = true] / count foreigns) "," (count foreigns with [spatial-concentration > 0 and spatial-concentration <= 0.5] / count foreigns) "," (count foreigns with [assimilated? = True] / count foreigns))
    file-close
  ]

  ; Case 2:
  ; born_as_always? False
  ;
  file-open "case_2.csv"
  file-print ("run_num, born_as_native_always?, Initial_Native_Pop, Initial_Foreign_Pop, Prop_Init_Foreign, Final_Native_Pop, Final_Foreign_Pop, Prop_Final_Foreign, births_tot, deaths_tot, in-mig_tot, english?_prop, ses?_prop, intermarriage?_prop, spatial?_prop, assimilated?_prop")
  file-close

  set i 0
  set born_as_native_always? False
  set results-list []
  while [ i < num-replicates ]
  [
    setup
    repeat num-ticks [ go ]
    ;set results-list (fput (count foreigns with [assimilated?]) results-list)
    set i (i + 1)
    file-open "case_2.csv"
    file-print (list i "," born_as_native_always? "," pop-init-native "," pop-init-foreign "," (pop-init-foreign / (pop-init-foreign + pop-init-native)) "," count natives "," count foreigns "," (count foreigns / count turtles) "," births "," deaths "," in-mig "," (count foreigns with [english >= .75] / count foreigns) "," (count foreigns with [SES >= mean [SES] of natives] / count foreigns) "," (count foreigns with [intermarriage? = true] / count foreigns) "," (count foreigns with [spatial-concentration > 0 and spatial-concentration <= 0.5] / count foreigns) "," (count foreigns with [assimilated? = True] / count foreigns))
    file-close
  ]

  ;----------------------------------------------------------;
  ;       Sweeps always use born_as_native_always? True      ;
  ;(less noise and better understanding of parameter impacts);  <-- you could change it, though, if you REALLY want to...
  ;----------------------------------------------------------;

  ; Sweep 1:
  ; Maximum Population
  ;
  file-open "sweep_maxpop.csv"
  file-print ("run_num, born_as_native_always?, Initial_Native_Pop, Initial_Foreign_Pop, Prop_Init_Foreign, Final_Native_Pop, Final_Foreign_Pop, Prop_Final_Foreign, births_tot, deaths_tot, in-mig_tot, english?_prop, ses?_prop, intermarriage?_prop, spatial?_prop, assimilated?_prop")
  file-close

  set i 0
  set born_as_native_always? False
  while [ i < num-replicates ]
  [
    set born_as_native_always? True
    set set-population-size 400
    set set-percent-native 87

    setup
    repeat num-ticks [ go ]
    set i (i + 1)
    print "Max Pop" print i
    file-open "sweep_maxpop.csv"
    file-print (list i "," born_as_native_always? "," pop-init-native "," pop-init-foreign "," (pop-init-foreign / (pop-init-foreign + pop-init-native)) "," count natives "," count foreigns "," (count foreigns / count turtles) "," births "," deaths "," in-mig "," (count foreigns with [english >= .75] / count foreigns) "," (count foreigns with [SES >= mean [SES] of natives] / count foreigns) "," (count foreigns with [intermarriage? = true] / count foreigns) "," (count foreigns with [spatial-concentration > 0 and spatial-concentration <= 0.5] / count foreigns) "," (count foreigns with [assimilated? = True] / count foreigns))
    file-close
  ]
  ; Sweep 2:
  ; Minimum Population
  ;
  file-open "sweep_minpop.csv"
  file-print ("run_num, born_as_native_always?, Initial_Native_Pop, Initial_Foreign_Pop, Prop_Init_Foreign, Final_Native_Pop, Final_Foreign_Pop, Prop_Final_Foreign, births_tot, deaths_tot, in-mig_tot, english?_prop, ses?_prop, intermarriage?_prop, spatial?_prop, assimilated?_prop")
  file-close

  set i 0
  set born_as_native_always? True
  set set-population-size 100
  set set-percent-native 87
  while [ i < num-replicates ]
  [
    setup
    repeat num-ticks [ go ]
    set i (i + 1)
    print "Min Pop" print i
    file-open "sweep_minpop.csv"
    file-print (list i "," born_as_native_always? "," pop-init-native "," pop-init-foreign "," (pop-init-foreign / (pop-init-foreign + pop-init-native)) "," count natives "," count foreigns "," (count foreigns / count turtles) "," births "," deaths "," in-mig "," (count foreigns with [english >= .75] / count foreigns) "," (count foreigns with [SES >= mean [SES] of natives] / count foreigns) "," (count foreigns with [intermarriage? = true] / count foreigns) "," (count foreigns with [spatial-concentration > 0 and spatial-concentration <= 0.5] / count foreigns) "," (count foreigns with [assimilated? = True] / count foreigns))
    file-close
  ]

  ; Sweep 3:
  ; Maximum Natives (Percent)
  ;
  file-open "sweep_maxnat.csv"
  file-print ("run_num, born_as_native_always?, Initial_Native_Pop, Initial_Foreign_Pop, Prop_Init_Foreign, Final_Native_Pop, Final_Foreign_Pop, Prop_Final_Foreign, births_tot, deaths_tot, in-mig_tot, english?_prop, ses?_prop, intermarriage?_prop, spatial?_prop, assimilated?_prop")
  file-close

  set i 0
  set born_as_native_always? True
  set set-population-size 306.7
  set set-percent-native 98
  while [ i < num-replicates ]
  [
    setup
    repeat num-ticks [ go ]
    set i (i + 1)
    print "Max Nat" print i
    file-open "sweep_maxnat.csv"
    file-print (list i "," born_as_native_always? "," pop-init-native "," pop-init-foreign "," (pop-init-foreign / (pop-init-foreign + pop-init-native)) "," count natives "," count foreigns "," (count foreigns / count turtles) "," births "," deaths "," in-mig "," (count foreigns with [english >= .75] / count foreigns) "," (count foreigns with [SES >= mean [SES] of natives] / count foreigns) "," (count foreigns with [intermarriage? = true] / count foreigns) "," (count foreigns with [spatial-concentration > 0 and spatial-concentration <= 0.5] / count foreigns) "," (count foreigns with [assimilated? = True] / count foreigns))
    file-close
  ]

  ; Sweep 4:
  ; Minimum Natives (Percent)
  ;
  file-open "sweep_minnat.csv"
  file-print ("run_num, born_as_native_always?, Initial_Native_Pop, Initial_Foreign_Pop, Prop_Init_Foreign, Final_Native_Pop, Final_Foreign_Pop, Prop_Final_Foreign, births_tot, deaths_tot, in-mig_tot, english?_prop, ses?_prop, intermarriage?_prop, spatial?_prop, assimilated?_prop")
  file-close

  set i 0
  set born_as_native_always? True
  set set-population-size 306.7
  set set-percent-native 2
  while [ i < num-replicates ]
  [
    setup
    repeat num-ticks [ go ]
    set i (i + 1)
    print "Min Nat" print i
    file-open "sweep_minnat.csv"
    file-print (list i "," born_as_native_always? "," pop-init-native "," pop-init-foreign "," (pop-init-foreign / (pop-init-foreign + pop-init-native)) "," count natives "," count foreigns "," (count foreigns / count turtles) "," births "," deaths "," in-mig "," (count foreigns with [english >= .75] / count foreigns) "," (count foreigns with [SES >= mean [SES] of natives] / count foreigns) "," (count foreigns with [intermarriage? = true] / count foreigns) "," (count foreigns with [spatial-concentration > 0 and spatial-concentration <= 0.5] / count foreigns) "," (count foreigns with [assimilated? = True] / count foreigns))
    file-close
  ]
end
@#$#@#$#@
GRAPHICS-WINDOW
342
15
680
354
-1
-1
10.0
1
10
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
-16
16
-16
16
0
0
1
ticks
1.0

BUTTON
277
71
340
104
setup
setup
NIL
1
T
OBSERVER
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
1

BUTTON
277
106
340
139
go
go
T
1
T
OBSERVER
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
1

PLOT
144
144
344
294
How many social?
NIL
NIL
0.0
10.0
0.0
1.0
true
false
"" ""
PENS
"default" 1.0 0 -16777216 true "" "plot (count turtles with [social?] / count turtles)"

PLOT
684
168
884
318
english = 1.0
NIL
NIL
0.0
10.0
0.0
1.0
true
false
"" ""
PENS
"immigrants" 1.0 0 -2674135 true "" "plot (count foreigns with [english >= 1] / count foreigns)"

MONITOR
247
14
337
59
Years Elapsed
ticks / 52
2
1
11

PLOT
683
19
883
169
intermarried immigrant?
NIL
NIL
0.0
10.0
0.0
1.0
true
false
"" ""
PENS
"yes" 1.0 0 -2674135 true "" "plot (count foreigns with [married? = True and intermarriage? = True] / count foreigns)"

PLOT
883
18
1083
168
spatial concentration < 0.5
NIL
NIL
0.0
10.0
0.0
1.0
true
false
"" ""
PENS
"foreigns" 1.0 0 -2674135 true "" "plot (count foreigns with [spatial-concentration > 0 and spatial-concentration <= 0.5] / count foreigns)"

MONITOR
412
377
470
422
foreigns
count foreigns
17
1
11

MONITOR
472
377
529
422
natives
count natives
17
1
11

MONITOR
529
377
600
422
population
count turtles
17
1
11

PLOT
783
318
983
468
Assimilated?
NIL
NIL
0.0
10.0
0.0
1.0
true
false
"" ""
PENS
"default" 1.0 0 -13840069 true "" "plot (count foreigns with [(assimilated? = True)] / count foreigns)"

PLOT
884
168
1084
318
immigrants with SES >= avg native SES
NIL
NIL
0.0
10.0
0.0
1.0
true
false
"" ""
PENS
"immigrants" 1.0 0 -2674135 true "" "plot (count foreigns with [SES >= mean [SES] of natives] / count foreigns)"

MONITOR
8
170
65
215
SES = 1
count natives with [SES = 1]
17
1
11

MONITOR
8
219
65
264
SES = 2
count natives with [SES = 2]
17
1
11

MONITOR
8
263
65
308
SES = 3
count natives with [SES = 3]
17
1
11

MONITOR
7
307
64
352
SES = 4
count natives with [SES = 4]
17
1
11

MONITOR
7
352
64
397
SES = 5
count natives with [SES = 5]
17
1
11

MONITOR
7
396
64
441
SES = 6
count natives with [SES = 6]
17
1
11

MONITOR
80
173
137
218
SES = 1
count foreigns with [SES = 1]
17
1
11

MONITOR
82
218
139
263
SES = 2
count foreigns with [SES = 2]
17
1
11

MONITOR
82
262
139
307
SES = 3
count foreigns with [SES = 3]
17
1
11

MONITOR
81
307
138
352
SES = 4
count foreigns with [SES = 4]
17
1
11

MONITOR
81
350
138
395
SES = 5
count foreigns with [SES = 5]
17
1
11

MONITOR
81
394
138
439
SES = 6
count foreigns with [SES = 6]
17
1
11

MONITOR
1086
20
1212
65
mean SES of natives
mean [SES] of natives
17
1
11

MONITOR
1086
69
1217
114
mean SES of foreigns
mean [SES] of foreigns
17
1
11

MONITOR
387
422
444
467
births
births
17
1
11

MONITOR
445
422
502
467
NIL
deaths
17
1
11

MONITOR
501
422
558
467
NIL
in-mig
17
1
11

SWITCH
49
108
242
141
born_as_native_always?
born_as_native_always?
0
1
-1000

PLOT
1084
117
1284
267
plot-immigrant-SES
NIL
NIL
1.0
7.0
0.0
10.0
true
false
"" ""
PENS
"default" 1.0 0 -2674135 true "" ""

PLOT
1085
270
1285
420
plot-native-SES
NIL
NIL
1.0
7.0
0.0
10.0
true
false
"" ""
PENS
"pen-0" 1.0 0 -13345367 true "" ""

TEXTBOX
13
158
60
176
natives
11
105.0
1

TEXTBOX
76
158
142
176
immigrants
11
15.0
1

PLOT
144
298
344
448
plot-age
NIL
NIL
0.0
116.0
0.0
10.0
true
false
"" ""
PENS
"default" 1.0 0 -16777216 true "" ""

MONITOR
557
422
621
467
NIL
out-mig
17
1
11

SLIDER
48
10
225
43
set-population-size
set-population-size
100
400
306.7
1
1
NIL
HORIZONTAL

SLIDER
50
43
222
76
set-percent-native
set-percent-native
2
98
2.0
1
1
NIL
HORIZONTAL

@#$#@#$#@
## WHAT IS IT?

This model explores the interaction of the 4 generally-agreed (among social scientist academics) upon measures of assimilation: socioeconomic status, residential settlement patterns, language use, and intermarriage.

## HOW IT WORKS

This abstract model tries to capture assimilation processes by applying 4 distinct but interrelated measures to individual agents and aggregating the proportion of assimilated immigrants into a single reported value. Each measure of assimilation is calculated independently per agent.

## HOW TO USE IT

At setup, the population is initiated with random coordinates. The population size and its percentage of natives and foreigns is set by a slider (set-population-size and set-percent-native, respectively) before setup is called. Rates of population changes are fixed constants. Interaction patterns are based on probabilities that scale with age (e.g. probability of marriage starting at age 18, probability of death after age 78, and probability of breaking a social interaction at any given tick all increase with age.

At every tick, agents who are not socializing may (1) move towards the closest agent most like itself (same SES, similar age, ability to communicate) and then (2) check around itself and attempt to enter social status; in either case, the agent's week is concluded at that point.

Agents who are socializing may (1) exit social status, or, failing to do that, (2) attempt to marry and (3) acquire english ability. In either case, the agent's week is concluded at that point.

## THINGS TO NOTICE

COSMETICS:

Agents have brighter color swatches when they are young and darken as they age.
Agents have boxes around them while they socialize.

POPULATIONS:
Births, deaths, in-migration, and out-migration are all fixed at independent constant rates. However...

*born_as_native_always?: If set to true, each born agent is automatically assigned to "natives" breed. The values assigned to its variables are randomly distributed according to the standard normal distribution of "natives." If set to false, a random agent gives birth to a new agent who then inherits all values from its parent.

*Birth: the breed (and therefore life-chances) at each birth is affected by the slider born_as_native_always?;

*In-migrants: are always of the "foreigns" breed;

*Out-migrants always selects a random agent when called;

*Deaths caused by the constant rate apply to a random agent. Agents also die automatically if they reach age 115 (as anything above 115 is somewhat unrealistic).

## THINGS TO TRY

Options are limited. Feel free to change the population size and percentage of natives at startup, and how newborns are treated throughout the model's duration.

## EXTENDING THE MODEL

-Increase the number of immigrant groups.
-Apply cohort effects (e.g. ability to change SES over time independent of marriage)
-Ability to divorce/re-marry

## CREDITS AND REFERENCES

The ability to enter a social status and check for other possibilities of action based on that status is adapted from Uri Wilensky's 1997 AIDS model. The rest is coded from scratch.
@#$#@#$#@
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airplane
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