BoerWarABM.nlogo

globals [
  battles
  british-dead
  debt
  initial-british-force
  initial-boer-force
  num-british
  num-boer
  Cost-of-burning
  Cost-per-tick
  Cost-per-soldier
  Cost-per-blockhouse
  casualty-rate-boer
  casualty-rate-brit
  size-difference
  burning-threshold
]

breed [boer-troops boer-troop]
breed [brit-troops brit-troop]
breed [bunkers bunker]
breed [farmers farmer]
breed [fires fire]
breed [blockhouses blockhouse]

patches-own [
  boer-sign ;; counts how many times a boer army has passed over the patch
]

turtles-own [
]

brit-troops-own [
  reinforcement-timer ;; counts ticks after a wave reinforcement
  strength ;; number of men in the army
  old-strength ;; placeholder variable to allow for easier computations of new values
  old-food  ;; placeholder variable to allow for easier computations of new values
  food ;; food stockpile
  move? ;; boolean if movement forward is possible
]

boer-troops-own [
  strength ;; number of men in the army
  old-strength ;; placeholder variable to allow for easier computations of new values
  old-food ;; placeholder variable to allow for easier computations of new values
  food ;; food stockpile
  move? ;; boolean if movement forward is possible
]

farmers-own [
  helped-boers  ;; tallies how many times the farm has aided the boers
  harvest-timer ;; counts ticks after a harvest, will result in more food after 52 ticks
  checked?  ;; has the british army checked this farm recently?
  food  ;;  ho much food in this crop
]

to setup
  clear-all
  reset-ticks

  set initial-british-force 30000
  set initial-boer-force 15000
  set num-british 5
  set num-boer 5
  set Cost-of-burning 25
  set Cost-per-tick 25
  set Cost-per-soldier 2
  set Cost-per-blockhouse 25
  set burning-threshold 1

  ask patches  ;; sets up the veldt
    [ set pcolor brown
      set boer-sign 0 ]

  set-default-shape farmers "house colonial"  ;; creation of boer homestead/farms
  create-farmers 50
  [
    setxy random-xcor random-ycor
    set color brown
    set size 1.5
    set food (precision (random-float 5000) 2)  ;; random food in the harvest
    ask farmers
    [      ask patches in-radius 6  ;;  creates a zone that boers can forage from
      [ set pcolor green ] ]
  ]

  set-default-shape blockhouses "house"  ;; default blockhouse setup
  create-blockhouses 0
  [set color blue]

  set-default-shape brit-troops "person"  ;; british army creation
  create-brit-troops num-british
  [
    setxy random-xcor random-ycor
    set size 2
    set color red
    set strength (precision (initial-british-force / num-british) 0)
    set food (precision (strength * 10) 2)
    set reinforcement-timer 0
  ]

  set-default-shape boer-troops "person"  ;; boer army creation
  create-boer-troops num-boer
  [
    setxy random-xcor random-ycor
    set size 2
    set color cyan
    set strength (precision (initial-boer-force / num-boer) 0)
    set food (precision (strength * 5) 2)
  ]

  set-default-shape fires "fire" ;; fire depiction for battles/farm burning
  create-fires 0
  [
    set color yellow
    set size 2
  ]
end

to go
  clear-fires
  check-death
  check-food
  harvest
  reinforcement
  move-boers
  move-british
  if ( sum [strength] of boer-troops <= 0 )
  [ stop ]
  if ticks > 30000
  [ stop ]
  set debt (debt + Cost-per-tick) ;; updats war debt with the cost of continuing to wage the war
  tick
end

to harvest  ;;  every 52 ticks after having been harvested, the farmers will have another harvest
  ask farmers[
    ifelse harvest-timer >= 52
    [set food (precision (random-float 5000) 2)
      set harvest-timer 0]
    [ set harvest-timer  (harvest-timer + 1) ]
      ]
end

to reinforcement
  ask brit-troops[
    ifelse reinforcement-timer >= 104 ;; British armies regain full compliment after 104 ticks
    [
      set strength (precision (initial-british-force / num-british) 0)
      set food (precision (strength * 10) 2)
    ]
    [set reinforcement-timer (reinforcement-timer + 1)]
    if reinforcement-timer >= 105
    [set reinforcement-timer 0]
  ]
end

to check-death
  ask boer-troops
  [if strength < 100
    [ die ]
  ]
  ask brit-troops
  [if strength < 100
    [ die ]
  ]
end

to clear-fires
  ask fires
  [ die ]
end

to check-food
  ask boer-troops
  [if food > 100 * strength
    [set food (100 * strength)]
  ]
end

to move-boers
  ask boer-troops
  [
    if pcolor = grey
    [set strength (strength - 25)]
    ask patch-here
      [set boer-sign (boer-sign + 1)]
    look-for-objectives
  ]
end

to look-for-objectives
  ask boer-troops
  [
    ifelse ( count brit-troops in-radius 5 > 0 ) ;; looks for British troops in area first
    [ evaluate-enemy ]
    [ search-targets ]
  ]
end

to evaluate-enemy ;; are british troops larger than me?
  ask ( brit-troops in-radius 11 )
  [
    ifelse strength >= [strength] of myself
    [ ask myself [ flee ] ] ;; yes? run
    [ ask myself [ engage ] ] ;; no? attack
  ]
end

to search-targets
  ifelse count farmers in-radius 25 > 0  ;; look for nearby farms
  [evaluate-farm]
  [ifelse count (farmers with-min [distance myself]) > 0  ;; closest farmer
    [set heading towards min-one-of farmers [distance myself]
      fd 1]
    [set heading random 360
      fd 1]
  eat
  ]
end

to evaluate-farm
  ifelse sum [food] of farmers in-radius 25 > 100
  [ gather-food ]
  [ ifelse count (farmers in-radius 25 with-max [food]) > 0
    [set heading towards max-one-of (farmers in-radius 25) [ food ]
      fd 1]
    [set heading random 360
      fd 1]
  ]
end

to gather-food
  set old-food food
  set heading towards max-one-of farmers in-radius 25 [food]
  fd 1
  if count farmers in-radius 1 > 0
  [
    set food ( old-food + ( sum [food] of farmers in-radius 1) )
    ask farmers in-radius 1
    [ set food 0
      set harvest-timer 0
      set helped-boers (helped-boers + 1)]
  ]
end

to move-british
  ask brit-troops
  [
    ifelse ( count boer-troops in-radius 10 > 0 )
    [ evaluate-enemy-brit ]
    [ hunt-boers ]
  ]
end

to evaluate-farm-brit
  ifelse farm-burning?
  [ investigate-farm ]
  [ search-area ]
end

to search-area
  ifelse (count farmers with [ helped-boers > 0 ] > 0)
  [  ifelse (count farmers in-radius 1 > 0)
    [ask farmers
      [set helped-boers 0]
    set heading random 360
    fd 1]
    [set heading towards one-of farmers with [ helped-boers > 0 ]
    fd 1]
  ]
  [set heading random 360
    fd 1]
end

to investigate-farm
  ifelse ( count farmers with [ helped-boers > 0 ] > 0)
  [set heading towards max-one-of farmers [helped-boers]
  fd 1
  if count farmers in-radius 1 > 0
  [
    ifelse sum ( [helped-boers] of farmers in-radius 1 ) > burning-threshold
    [burn-farm]
    [set heading towards max-one-of farmers [ helped-boers ]
      fd 1]
    ask farmers in-radius 3
      [ set helped-boers 0]
  ]
  ]
   [set heading random 360
    fd 1]
end

to burn-farm
  hatch-fires 1
  ask fires in-radius 1
  [ set size 1
    set color yellow ]
  ask farmers in-radius 1
  [ die ]
  set debt (debt + cost-of-burning)
end

to engage
  ifelse  ( count brit-troops in-radius 1 >= 1 )
  [ battle ]
  [ ifelse count brit-troops in-radius 11 > 0
    [set heading towards one-of (brit-troops in-radius 11)
      fd 1
      eat]
    [set heading random 360
      set move? ( can-move? 1 )
      ifelse move? = true
      [fd 1]
      [set heading random 360
        fd 1]
      eat]
  ]
end

to flee
  ifelse count brit-troops in-radius 11 > 0
  [
    set heading ( ( towards one-of (brit-troops in-radius 11)) - 180 )
    set move? ( can-move? 1 )
    ifelse move? = true
    [fd 1]
    [set heading random 360
      fd 1
      eat]
  ]
  [set heading random 360
    set move? ( can-move? 1 )
    ifelse move? = true
    [fd 1]
    [set heading random 360
      fd 1
      eat]]
end

to battle
  set battles (battles + 1)
  hatch-fires 1
  [ set color yellow
    set size 3]
  calculate-victor
end

to calculate-victor
  ifelse (sum [strength] of boer-troops in-radius 1) >= (sum [strength] of brit-troops in-radius 1)
  [ boer-victory ]
  [ british-victory ]
end

to boer-victory
  casualty-ratio-calculate
  ask boer-troops in-radius 1
  [ set old-strength strength
    set old-food food
    set strength precision (old-strength - ( 0.1 * old-strength * casualty-rate-boer)) 0
    set food (old-food + (0.5 * (sum [food] of brit-troops in-radius 1)))
    eat
    if strength < 0
    [ die ]
  ]
  ask brit-troops in-radius 1
  [ set old-strength strength
    set old-food food
    set strength precision (old-strength - ( 0.1 * old-strength * casualty-rate-brit)) 0
    set debt (debt + (( 0.1 * old-strength * casualty-rate-brit) * Cost-per-soldier))
    set british-dead (british-dead + ( 0.1 * old-strength * casualty-rate-brit) )
    set food (0.5 * food)
    set heading random 360
    fd 6
    if strength < 0
    [ die ]
  ]
end

to british-victory
  casualty-ratio-calculate
  ask brit-troops in-radius 1
  [ set old-strength strength
    set strength precision (old-strength - ( 0.1 * old-strength * casualty-rate-brit)) 0
    set debt (debt + (( 0.1 * old-strength * casualty-rate-brit) * Cost-per-soldier))
    set british-dead (british-dead + ( 0.1 * old-strength * casualty-rate-brit) )
     if strength < 0
    [ die ]
  ]
  ask boer-troops in-radius 1
  [ set old-strength strength
    set old-food food
    set strength precision (old-strength - ( 0.1 * old-strength * casualty-rate-boer)) 0
    set food (0.9 * food)
    set heading random 360
    fd 6
    eat
     if strength < 0
    [ die ]
  ]
end

to casualty-ratio-calculate
  set size-difference ( abs( (sum [strength] of brit-troops in-radius 1) - (sum [strength] of boer-troops in-radius 1) ) + 1 )
  set casualty-rate-boer ( 1 / ( (sum [strength] of boer-troops in-radius 1) / size-difference ) )
  set casualty-rate-brit ( 1 / ( (sum [strength] of brit-troops in-radius 1) / size-difference ) )
end

to eat
  if food <= 0
  [ set food 0 ]
  if pcolor = brown
  [
    set old-food food
    set food (old-food - ( strength * 0.5))
  ]
  if pcolor = green
  [
    set old-food food
    set food (old-food - (strength * 0.25))
  ]
  if pcolor = grey
  [
    set old-food food
    set food (old-food - (strength * 0.75))
  ]
  if food <= 0
  [
    set old-strength strength
    set strength (old-strength - 100)
  ]
end

to hunt-boers
  ifelse blockhouse-building? = true
  [ ask brit-troops
    [
      ifelse ( count patches in-radius 10 with [ boer-sign > blockhouse-threshold ] > 0 )
      [ intiate-blockhouse ]
      [ evaluate-farm-brit ]
    ]
  ]
  [ evaluate-farm-brit ]
end

to intiate-blockhouse
  set heading towards max-one-of patches in-radius 10 [boer-sign]
  fd 1
  if count patches with [ boer-sign > blockhouse-threshold ] in-radius 1 > 0
  [ build-blockhouse
    ask patches in-radius 2
    [ set boer-sign 0 ]
  ]
end

to build-blockhouse
  set debt ( debt + Cost-per-blockhouse )
  hatch-blockhouses 1
  ask blockhouses in-radius 1
  [ set size 1
    set color blue
    ask patches in-radius 2
    [set pcolor grey
      set boer-sign 0]
  ]
end

to evaluate-enemy-brit
  ask ( boer-troops in-radius 10 )
  [
    ifelse strength >= [strength] of myself
    [ ask myself [ flee-brit ] ]
    [ ask myself [ engage-brit ] ]
  ]
end

to engage-brit
  ifelse  ( count boer-troops in-radius 1 >= 1 )
  [ battle ]
  [ ifelse count boer-troops in-radius 10 > 0
    [set heading towards one-of (boer-troops in-radius 10)
      fd 1 ]
    [set heading random 360
      set move? ( can-move? 1 )
      ifelse move? = true
      [fd 1]
      [set heading random 360
        fd 1]]
  ]
end

to flee-brit
  ifelse count boer-troops in-radius 11 > 0
  [
    set heading ( ( towards one-of (boer-troops in-radius 11)) - 180 )
    set move? ( can-move? 1 )
    ifelse move? = true
    [fd 1]
    [set heading random 360
      fd 1]
  ]
  [set heading random 360
    set move? ( can-move? 1 )
    ifelse move? = true
    [fd 1]
    [set heading random 360
      fd 1]]
end
@#$#@#$#@
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BUTTON
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Setup
setup
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OBSERVER
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SWITCH
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farm-burning?
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SWITCH
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Go Once
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Green Patches
count patches with [pcolor = green]
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MONITOR
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count patches with [pcolor = brown]
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MONITOR
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MONITOR
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sum [strength] of brit-troops
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count farmers
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blockhouse-threshold
blockhouse-threshold
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MONITOR
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Blockhouses
count blockhouses
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1
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@#$#@#$#@
## WHAT IS IT?

This model is meant to simulate several different British strategies to respond to the continued raids of Boer guerillas in the closing years of the Anglo-Boer War of 1899-1902.  British armies seek to engage Boer forces and defeat them in battle.  They can also engage in farm razeing and blockhouse construction to restrict Boer movement throughout the spatial environment.  These actions also come at a cost for the British as the British are responsible for housing Boer civilians in concentration and for the construction costs of creating the blockhouses.

## HOW IT WORKS

Boer armies travel the map searching to resupply at friendly farms so long as they are not threatened by a larger British force.  British armies travel the map hunting Boer units and if they are authorized to use farm burning and blockhouse building strategies, they will evaluate the best locations in their immediate area to either remove Boer-supporting farms or build Boer-movement-restricting blockhouses.  Each time step is meant to simulate half a week, thus 104 ticks is equal to a simulated year.

## HOW TO USE IT

Toggle British combat rules (farm-burning and blockhouse-building) to evaluate the efficacy of the varying strategies (and all combinations there of) in defeating the Boer guerilla forces.  Various monitors will report total numbers of British troops killed in action, the cumulative cost of the war for the British, the number of blockhouses built, as well as the number of burned farms.

## THINGS TO NOTICE

Examine the British casualties sustained and the overall duration of the conflict to best evaluate which strategies are more effective in defeating the Boer force.  Also notice that without a specialized counter-insurgency strategy it is very difficult for the British to win the campaign.


## EXTENDING THE MODEL

Useful additions to this model would be the inclusion of real world GIS data of the historical region as well as historical starting locations for the varying armies.  Additionally the inclusion of logistical units travelling to British units might allow for an enhanced model of Boer guerilla activity.  Additionally, greater information on the casualty rates from historical skirmishes might help better improve the combat sub-model.
@#$#@#$#@
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Circle -1 true true 3 83 150
Rectangle -1 true true 65 221 80 296
Polygon -1 true true 195 285 210 285 210 240 240 210 195 210
Polygon -7500403 true false 276 85 285 105 302 99 294 83
Polygon -7500403 true false 219 85 210 105 193 99 201 83

square
false
0
Rectangle -7500403 true true 30 30 270 270

square 2
false
0
Rectangle -7500403 true true 30 30 270 270
Rectangle -16777216 true false 60 60 240 240

star
false
0
Polygon -7500403 true true 151 1 185 108 298 108 207 175 242 282 151 216 59 282 94 175 3 108 116 108

target
false
0
Circle -7500403 true true 0 0 300
Circle -16777216 true false 30 30 240
Circle -7500403 true true 60 60 180
Circle -16777216 true false 90 90 120
Circle -7500403 true true 120 120 60

tree
false
0
Circle -7500403 true true 118 3 94
Rectangle -6459832 true false 120 195 180 300
Circle -7500403 true true 65 21 108
Circle -7500403 true true 116 41 127
Circle -7500403 true true 45 90 120
Circle -7500403 true true 104 74 152

triangle
false
0
Polygon -7500403 true true 150 30 15 255 285 255

triangle 2
false
0
Polygon -7500403 true true 150 30 15 255 285 255
Polygon -16777216 true false 151 99 225 223 75 224

truck
false
0
Rectangle -7500403 true true 4 45 195 187
Polygon -7500403 true true 296 193 296 150 259 134 244 104 208 104 207 194
Rectangle -1 true false 195 60 195 105
Polygon -16777216 true false 238 112 252 141 219 141 218 112
Circle -16777216 true false 234 174 42
Rectangle -7500403 true true 181 185 214 194
Circle -16777216 true false 144 174 42
Circle -16777216 true false 24 174 42
Circle -7500403 false true 24 174 42
Circle -7500403 false true 144 174 42
Circle -7500403 false true 234 174 42

turtle
true
0
Polygon -10899396 true false 215 204 240 233 246 254 228 266 215 252 193 210
Polygon -10899396 true false 195 90 225 75 245 75 260 89 269 108 261 124 240 105 225 105 210 105
Polygon -10899396 true false 105 90 75 75 55 75 40 89 31 108 39 124 60 105 75 105 90 105
Polygon -10899396 true false 132 85 134 64 107 51 108 17 150 2 192 18 192 52 169 65 172 87
Polygon -10899396 true false 85 204 60 233 54 254 72 266 85 252 107 210
Polygon -7500403 true true 119 75 179 75 209 101 224 135 220 225 175 261 128 261 81 224 74 135 88 99

wheel
false
0
Circle -7500403 true true 3 3 294
Circle -16777216 true false 30 30 240
Line -7500403 true 150 285 150 15
Line -7500403 true 15 150 285 150
Circle -7500403 true true 120 120 60
Line -7500403 true 216 40 79 269
Line -7500403 true 40 84 269 221
Line -7500403 true 40 216 269 79
Line -7500403 true 84 40 221 269

wolf
false
0
Polygon -16777216 true false 253 133 245 131 245 133
Polygon -7500403 true true 2 194 13 197 30 191 38 193 38 205 20 226 20 257 27 265 38 266 40 260 31 253 31 230 60 206 68 198 75 209 66 228 65 243 82 261 84 268 100 267 103 261 77 239 79 231 100 207 98 196 119 201 143 202 160 195 166 210 172 213 173 238 167 251 160 248 154 265 169 264 178 247 186 240 198 260 200 271 217 271 219 262 207 258 195 230 192 198 210 184 227 164 242 144 259 145 284 151 277 141 293 140 299 134 297 127 273 119 270 105
Polygon -7500403 true true -1 195 14 180 36 166 40 153 53 140 82 131 134 133 159 126 188 115 227 108 236 102 238 98 268 86 269 92 281 87 269 103 269 113

x
false
0
Polygon -7500403 true true 270 75 225 30 30 225 75 270
Polygon -7500403 true true 30 75 75 30 270 225 225 270
@#$#@#$#@
NetLogo 6.1.0
@#$#@#$#@
@#$#@#$#@
@#$#@#$#@
<experiments>
  <experiment name="experiment" repetitions="10" runMetricsEveryStep="false">
    <setup>setup</setup>
    <go>go</go>
    <timeLimit steps="30000"/>
    <metric>count boer-troops</metric>
    <metric>count farmers</metric>
    <metric>count battles</metric>
    <metric>precision (debt) 0</metric>
    <metric>precision (british-dead) 0</metric>
    <metric>count blockhouses</metric>
    <enumeratedValueSet variable="farm-burning?">
      <value value="false"/>
      <value value="true"/>
    </enumeratedValueSet>
    <enumeratedValueSet variable="blockhouse-threshold">
      <value value="1"/>
      <value value="2"/>
      <value value="3"/>
    </enumeratedValueSet>
    <enumeratedValueSet variable="blockhouse-building?">
      <value value="false"/>
      <value value="true"/>
    </enumeratedValueSet>
  </experiment>
</experiments>
@#$#@#$#@
@#$#@#$#@
default
0.0
-0.2 0 0.0 1.0
0.0 1 1.0 0.0
0.2 0 0.0 1.0
link direction
true
0
Line -7500403 true 150 150 90 180
Line -7500403 true 150 150 210 180
@#$#@#$#@
0
@#$#@#$#@