[Issue 2267] Create segment-tree.md

[daaimah123]

📝 Description (Summary of Changes)

• Structured topic outline with time estimates
• Prerequisites linking to existing curriculum
• Real-world motivation using weather monitoring system example
• 8 hands-on activities progressing from basic concepts to advanced applications
• Collapsible code blocks
• Step-by-step walkthroughs
• Visual tree diagrams
• Beginner-friendly explanations
• Time and space complexity analysis
• Complete Python implementation of Segment Tree class
• Problem-solving variations

🎁 Acceptance Criteria

• Follows curriculum structure and style guidelines
• All code examples are functional
• Prerequisites correctly link to existing curriculum
• Time estimates are realistic for target audience
• Segment Tree implementation is correct and efficient
• Time/space complexity analysis is accurate
• Code examples follow Python best practices
• All mathematical concepts are explained clearly
• Activities progress logically from simple to complex
• Real-world motivation is compelling and relevant
• Markdown formatting is consistent and renders correctly
• Navigation and section organization is intuitive
• Links to external resources are functional and appropriate
• Lesson fits existing data structures curriculum
• Lesson can be completed independently or as part of structured path

⚙️ Related Issue

Issue Number: #2267

🍏 Type of Change

New Topic Outline

[monikkaelyse]

Looks good to me, 1 minor suggestion