[troubleshooting] Add log level adjustment documentation

content/guides/troubleshooting.md

@@ -126,6 +126,54 @@ If you already have a stack trace but need to decode it, you can use the
 
    {{< /note >}}
 
+## Adjusting Log Levels for Debugging
+
+When troubleshooting issues with your ESPHome device, increasing the log level can provide more detailed information about what's happening internally. This is particularly useful for diagnosing component-specific problems or understanding the data flow between components.
+
+### Setting Global Log Level
+
+To increase the verbosity of logs globally, adjust the `level` in your {{< docref "/components/logger" >}} configuration:
+
+```yaml
+logger:
+  level: VERBOSE  # or VERY_VERBOSE for maximum detail
+```
+
+Available log levels from least to most verbose:
+
+- `NONE` - No messages logged
+- `ERROR` - Only errors
+- `WARN` - Warnings and above
+- `INFO` - Informational messages and above
+- `DEBUG` - Debug messages and above (default)
+- `VERBOSE` - Detailed debug messages and above
+- `VERY_VERBOSE` - All internal messages including data bus traffic
+
+{{< warning >}}
+Using `VERY_VERBOSE` can significantly slow down your device and may cause connectivity issues due to the volume of log messages generated. Use it only for short debugging sessions.
+{{< /warning >}}
+
+### ESP-IDF Framework Log Level
+
+When using the ESP-IDF framework on {{< docref "/components/esp32" >}}, you can also adjust the framework's internal log level to get more detailed information from the underlying system:
+
+```yaml
+esp32:
+  framework:
+    type: esp-idf
+    log_level: VERBOSE  # Framework log level
+```
+
+Available ESP-IDF log levels: `NONE`, `ERROR` (default), `WARN`, `INFO`, `DEBUG`, `VERBOSE`
+
+### Component-Specific Log Levels
+
+You can also configure log levels for specific components to reduce noise or get more detail from individual components. See the {{< docref "/components/logger#manual-tag-specific-log-levels" "logger manual tag-specific log levels" >}} documentation for detailed information and examples.
+
+{{< important >}}
+The global log level determines which messages are compiled into the binary. Component-specific log levels can only reduce verbosity, not increase it beyond the global level. For example, if the global level is `INFO`, setting a component to `DEBUG` will have no effect.
+{{< /important >}}
+
 ## Performance Troubleshooting
 
 If your device is experiencing performance issues such as: